Protestant Reformation a Prologue to Christian Civilization

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY PROTESTANT REFORMATION: A PROLOGUE TO CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF DIVINITY IN CHAPLAINCY BY SULEIMAN ABBA LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA MARCH 2013 Abstract The Early Church was a minority religious movement which faced significant threats of persecution in their daily practice of faith. As a result there was no detailed structure of worship as seen in the present day Christian worship. However, worship in those days paved way for the current settings of various churches which have greatly evolved over time. Worship was characterized by several aspects such as†¦show more content†¦In Rick Warren’s book titled ‘Purpose Driven Life’ he noted that every part of a church service is an act of worship. These include, Praying, Scripture reading, singing, confession, listening to sermon, taking notes, giving offering, baptism, communion, ushering and etc. Early Christian Worship Being a crucial and important factor of worship during the early days of Christianity, the Lord’s Supper was conducted mostly during church meetings and assemblies where the ceremony was conducted in addition to giving thanks to the Lord and singing his hymns. Generally, worship involves religious actions or devotion to a higher power which for Christianity means God. Christian worship is typified by various aspects such as praying in various designated venues, singing religious hymns and reading the Bible and engaging in communion or Eucharist among others. This paper critically analyzes the various practices of early church such as the singing of psalms and hymns, gathering in church assemblies, vocal thanksgiving, the Lord’s Supper as well as the practice of baptism. Christian worship is the adoration and contemplation of God and is defined by various elements such as meeting in venues such as churches in order to offer prayers, reading the Bible, singing and engaging in communion or Eucharist, collecting offerings as well as teaching and listening to sermons. These aspects of worship have evolved

Night Creature Blue Moon Chapter 16 Free Essays

I’d slept the day away and only had an hour before Ca-dotte was supposed to show up. The damn twine had rubbed a raw circle around my neck. A cold compress plus a liberal application of vitamin E took away the sting. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now To hide the mark, I put on a sleeveless mock turtle-neck instead of a tank top; then I transferred the totem to a gold chain my mother had given me for my sixteenth birthday, which I’d never worn. I doubted she’d approve of the way I was wearing it now, but the chain was my present and she wasn’t here. My rationalization for a lot of the things I did that my mother wouldn’t approve of. I chose shorts instead of jeans. Judging by the heat of my apartment, we’d enjoyed the first true day of summer while I’d been asleep. I threw open a few windows. I couldn’t see turning on the air-conditioning when the setting of the sun was only a few hours away. Besides, I had good legs and, being tall, I had a lot of them. Swimming toned much better than jogging. I preferred round, feminine muscle to stringy sinew and emaciated calves. I turned my cell phone on long enough to dial a pizza, then shut it off again. If there were messages pending, they were no doubt from Clyde. I’d have to deal with him later, and later was when I would deal with him. Right now I was going to enjoy the evening. A little pizza, a little Cadotte. If things went well, I might even be in a good mood by the time I went to work. I was hoping sex could erase the memory of that very strange dream. I’d never been into bestiality, so what was the matter with me now? The stone shifted between my breasts, making me jump. I’d been standing at the floor-length window, staring at the summer sun. I hadn’t moved. Why had the totem? The dream had me spooked, that’s all. Dreams were just dreams, despite any woo-woo propaganda to the contrary. They were not truth or predictions, not buried secrets or hidden hopes. They were just images that meant nothing at all. But what images! Illusions tumbled through my mind of bodies entwined, sweat-slicked skin, heated flesh. These were followed by the tactile memory of soft fur, a smooth tongue. A man and a beast become one – or had that been a woman and a beast? The doorbell rang and I started. I was rolling the totem between two fingers like a worry bead. The stone was warm. I dropped the icon back down my shirt as if it were on fire. Woman and beast? That was a bit too kinky for comfort, and my mind shied away from the thought. Cadotte stood in the hall with a pizza. I was so hungry I wanted to eat them both. What was wrong with me? Nothing that a little pizza and a lot of sex wouldn’t solve. â€Å"I met the delivery boy coming up.† â€Å"I’ll pay you.† I opened the door wide, inviting him in. â€Å"Yeah, you will.† He crowded me close, kicked the door shut, then kissed me – hard, deep, and wet. Maybe sex, then pizza was a better idea. He stepped back and tilted his head. â€Å"There, all paid up.† â€Å"With one kiss?† â€Å"You’re a very good kisser.† I was left standing stunned in the hall when he strode into the apartment. I got so few compliments, and I’d never received one on how well I kissed. I had no idea what to say. I wasn’t required to say anything. By the time I reached the sofa, he had his mouth full of food. He’d brought wine. I got him a glass and a corkscrew. â€Å"You don’t drink?† He eyed the single glass. â€Å"I have to work in four hours.† â€Å"That doesn’t answer my question.† â€Å"Sure I drink.† I’d rarely met a cop who didn’t, unless at one time they’d overindulged and were now on the wagon. Police work, even in a tiny town like Miniwa, was stressful. Cops drank. Period. A lot of them smoked, too. Or did chew, like Clyde. Thankfully I’d been able to manage my stress, so far, with the occasional Bloody Mary and a twilight swim. â€Å"I suppose working third shift makes a beer at the end of your day a lot less than appealing.† He opened the wine. I’d never thought of it that way, but Cadotte was right. When I got off at 7:00 a.m. I didn’t want alcohol; I didn’t even want coffee. I just wanted my bed. Although if I kept having weird dreams, pretty soon I wouldn’t want that. â€Å"Mmm.† Cadotte had his mouth full again, so I joined him. Fifteen minutes later we were done. Cadotte scooted back on the couch, half-full glass of blood-red wine cradled in his long fingers. His thumb stroked the bowl and I lifted my gaze from his hand to his face. He took a sip. A drop clung to his lip, and his tongue swept out to capture it. His earring glittered in the glare of the setting sun. I wanted to take that earring in my teeth and tug him into the bedroom. â€Å"Shall we get down to business?† â€Å"Mmm-hmm,† I murmured, captivated by the way the light turned the golden feather from red to orange and back again. â€Å"Do you have the totem?† â€Å"Huh?† He smiled and set his glass on the coffee table with a click. Cadotte knew the effect he had on women and I found myself wondering: Was he playing me to get to the totem? Paranoid? Moi? Definitely. Nevertheless, I straightened, shook off the sexual inertia, and turned away. â€Å"It’s gone.† â€Å"Gone? What do you mean, gone?† â€Å"Disappeared? Stolen? Poof? Take your pick.† I was getting mighty good at lying. He got so quiet, if I hadn’t heard him breathing I might have thought he’d gone over the balcony- – this time in the opposite direction. â€Å"Oh well,† he said at last. â€Å"I guess it’s a good thing I sketched it.† Paper crinkled and I spun around. He leaned over the coffee table, smoothing a white rectangle. Then he pulled a bunch of other papers from his back pocket and set them all side by side. â€Å"Y-you aren’t upset about the totem?† He glanced up. He’d put on his glasses. My heart went ba-boom. â€Å"Upset? Why should I be? It wasn’t mine.† â€Å"Wasn’t mine, either,† I grumbled. He studied me for a moment. â€Å"What happened?† I didn’t think I should tell him about the evidence room fiasco. Clyde would say that was police business, and since I was in enough trouble with Clyde already, I decided to keep my lips zipped on the subject. â€Å"I really can’t say.† â€Å"You’re in trouble?† I was, so I nodded. Cadotte beckoned, then patted the sofa at his side. â€Å"Come here.† My paranoia seemed just that in the face of his lack of concern over the missing totem. Of course, what good did it do him to be upset? The thing was gone – or so he thought. When I joined him on the couch, our hips bumped. I shifted away. He followed, pressing his jean-clad thigh to mine. When I cast him a quick glance, however, he was staring at the paperwork and not at me. I left my leg right where it was. â€Å"See this?† I followed his finger to an extremely accurate pencil drawing of the totem, larger than the actual stone; the markings had been enlarged as well. They were much easier to see this way. â€Å"You’re good,† I said. â€Å"You have no idea.† That surprised a laugh out of me. The sound made me realize how seldom I heard it. Pretty sad. I was twenty-six and already the laughter had died. Perhaps with this man I could get it back. Cadotte shuffled the stack of papers – printouts from the World Wide Web. â€Å"What would we do without the Internet?† I murmured. â€Å"A lot of work. I can find more there in an hour than I could find in a week at the library. Aha!† He snatched a sheet out of the center of the pile. â€Å"Look at this.† Placing the two papers next to each other, he slid them closer to me. The Internet printout showed an ancient, emaciated being with long teeth and even longer fingernails. â€Å"Matchi-auwishuk,† he whispered. The trees rustled outside, and a sudden breeze came through the open balcony doors. As if expecting it, Cadotte put his hands on top of the papers. The breeze stopped as suddenly as it had begun. Okay. That was weird. I glanced at him, but he didn’t seem disturbed. By the breeze. Instead, he scowled at the drawings. â€Å"I don’t remember seeing that.† I pointed at the Matchi-auwishuk. â€Å"I used a magnifier to identify some of the smaller markings. It’s there. Take my word for it.† I would. Until he left and I scrounged up my own magnifying glass. â€Å"And take my word on this.† He shoved another piece of paper at me. A shiver ran from my neck to the base of my spine. The Matchi-auwishuk had been ugly, but this was downright creepy – given the circumstances. The figure was half-man, half-wolf. â€Å"What in hell is that?† â€Å"The wolf god.† The drawing was exemplary, the naked man impressive – sleek and muscled – perfection except for the paws growing where his hands and feet should be. A tail sprouted from his backside and ears from the top of his head. Instead of hair he had fur, and a snout blossomed where his mouth and nose had once been. But those little foibles weren’t what made me shrink away from the table, irrationally terrified of touching the picture or having it touch me. Nope, what bothered me about the drawing were the damn eyes – sly, intelligent, human. â€Å"Where did you find this?† â€Å"There’s an old and obscure legend of the Ojibwe. The wolf god can be brought to life during a blue moon if the way is paved by an army of wolf men. And women.† I turned my head so I could see his face. He wasn’t laughing – so I did. ‘ â€Å"What does that have to do with anything?† â€Å"‘ Jessie, aren’t there a few too many coincidences here? The totem, the madness of the wolves, and the blue moon?† The blue moon. I remembered telling Zee about it the night Karen Larson had been bitten by a wolf. The night I’d found the totem. The night I’d met William Cadotte running around naked in the woods. â€Å"What’s a wolf god, and how is it brought to life?† He shuffled some of the papers, scowled, pushed his glasses up in an absent gesture. â€Å"I’m not sure.† â€Å"What good are you then?† â€Å"We’ll get to that later.† He winked. Even in the middle of his delusion, he was propositioning me. Why did I think that was cute? Cadotte returned his attention to the gibberish he’d been reading. â€Å"All I’ve determined so far is that a werewolf army is needed – â€Å" â€Å"Whoa!† I jumped to my feet. â€Å"Werewolf army? Where did that come from?† â€Å"What do you think wolf men and wolf women are?† â€Å"A figment of your imagination?† â€Å"Mine and whoever else has decided they want to be the wolf god.† I rubbed my forehead. â€Å"Back up a minute. Someone is going to be the wolf god?† â€Å"I guess so. I haven’t been able to determine how that happens, exactly, but the making of a werewolf army between the two moons is the beginning.† â€Å"Between what two moons?† â€Å"Two full moons in a single month – â€Å" â€Å"Makes a blue moon,† I finished. â€Å"When the becoming takes place.† He glanced at his watch. â€Å"That’s in five days.† I plopped down on the couch. â€Å"You believe this stuff?† â€Å"It really doesn’t matter if I do or not.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Because someone believes, and they’re willing to do whatever it takes to make the legend come to life.† How to cite Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 16, Essay examples

Does Science Explain All Essay Example For Students

Does Science Explain All? Essay Does Science Explain All?In the beginning there was darkness. Then there was light. Then therewas consciousness. Then there were questions and then there was religion. Religions sprouted up all over the world as a response to some of humanitysmost troubling questions and fears. Why are we here? Where do we come from?Why does the world and nature act as it does? What happens when you die?Religions tended to answer all these questions with stories of gods andgoddesses and other supernatural forces that were beyond the understanding ofhumans. Magic, in its essence, were the powers wielded by these superiorbeings that caused the unexplainable to happen. Fast forward a few thousand years to the present. In our age and timethere is little left unexplained. Science seems able to explain everything withmathematical logic and concrete evidence right before our very eyes. Thesubject of science is taught in almost every school on Earth. Gone are the daysof magic and wonder. The magic of so-called magicians like David Copperfieldare a jest. When people attend a magic show everyone looks for the invisiblewires and hidden projectors. No one really believes the magician hassupernatural powers, except for maybe a handful of children in the audience whostill have faith in Santa Clause. Science does seem to explain all. It has enabled humans to fly, cureincurable diseases, explore the depths of the oceans, stave off death, walk onthe moon and wipe out entire civilizations with the push of a button. It isbecoming more and more widespread in that people are putting their faith inscience above that in the gods. What parent wouldnt rather bring their sickchild to a doctor than have faith in the healing power of some mystical entitythat may or may not exist. However strong and almost perfect the view of science is in todayssociety it cannot and does not cover the entire spectrum of the human experience. Nor does it explain some of the striking similarities present in the variousreligions of Earth. These similarities occur in civilizations not only far fromeach other but also in cultures separated by seemingly impossible to traverseoceans of water. Many of these similarities occur in the cosmological orcreation myths of the various religions. In the Bible and other in other comparable ancient literatures, creationis a theme expressed in parables or stories to account for the world. In almostevery ancient culture the universe was thought of as darkness, nothing and chaosuntil order is induced by the divine creative hand. The type of orderenvisioned varied from culture to culture. In the Biblical perspective, it wasenvisioned that light should be separated from dark, day from night; and thatthe various forms of plant and animal life be properly categorized. Althoughthe figure differ from myth to myth, all the ancient stories intend to give apoetic accounting for cosmic origins. When viewed in terms of creational motifs,the stories tend to be similar. Some myths of creation include myths of emergence, as from achildbearing woman, or creation by the marriage of two beings representing theheavens and earth. A common feature of some Hindu, African and Chinese myths isthat of a cosmic egg from which the first humans are hatched from. In othercultures, it must be brought up from primordial waters by a diver, or is formedfrom the dismembered body of a preexisting being. Whether the deity usespreexisting materials, whether he leaves his creation once it is finished, howperfect the creation is, and how the creator and the created interact vary amongthe myths. The creation story also attempts to explain the origins of evil andthe nature of god and humanity. .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .postImageUrl , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:hover , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:visited , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:active { border:0!important; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:active , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bill of Rights EssayAn example of two different religions containing various aspects of eachother could be that of the creation myth of Christianity and aspects ofcreationism found in African religion. The creator god in the African religionis Nyambi. Nyambi creates a man, Kamonu, and the man does exactly as his goddoes in every way; Similar to the way the god of Christianity creates man in hisown image. Also Nyambi creates for Kamonu a garden to live in, the same way theGarden of Eden was created. Another motif repeated between these two religionsis that of the Bibles Tower of Babel. Kamonu, after his god left him behind,tried to build a tower to reach his god but like Th e Tower of Babel it collapsedand the humans failed to reach heaven. In Mesopotamian culture the epic tale Gilgamesh is almost totallyidentical to the Biblical story of Noah and the ark. In the tale of Gilgamesh,Gilgamesh is warned by Enki that a divine judgment has been passed and the worldis to be destroyed by a giant flood. Gilgamesh is instructed build a boat tobring his family and animals so to escape the flood. Another powerful example of the commonality of myth transcendingcultures is in the Trimurti of Brahman in post classical Hinduism when comparedto the holy trinity of Christianity. Brahman, the Hindu essence of ultimatereality is at the very core of Hinduism, post classical Hinduism sees him inthree aspects. Each of these three aspects of Brahman is expressed by a godfrom classical Indian literature: Brahma, the creator; Shiva, the destroyer;and Vishnu, the preserver. Very similar to the Holy Christian Trinity of: God,the father; Christ, the son; and the Holy Spirit. In both Hinduism andChristianity the trinities are three and at the same time one entity. In the mythology of many of the Central Asian Pastoral Tribes thesupreme deity of their religion is confronted by an adversary representing thepowers of darkness and evil. Very much like the relationship in the Christianmythos between God and Lucifer, this figure of evil attempts to counter theplans of the celestial good being and aims at gaining dominance over the worldand at establishing a realm of his own in which he would rule over humanity. The forces of good and evil are not equally balanced, however, and there isnever any real doubt about the final supremacy of the sky-god. Yet according tosome myths the representative of evil and darkness succeeded in leading peopleastray and bringing about a fall similar to that of Adam and Eve. Other mythological motifs not involving Christianity or the Bible isthat of a god or a hero making the dangerous journey to the underworld , orHades, to retrieve a lost love. The Greek mythological tale of Orpheus and theJapanese Shinto myths both contain very similar aspects. In both of thesestories, Orpheus and Izanagi, lose their spouses to death and venture into theterrible underworld of Hades to try to wrest them back. In both stories theyare on the way to getting back each his wife as long as they dont look backtowards her. In both tales both Izanagi and Orpheus look back, losing thechance they had at having their loves returned to them. These are just some of the universal myths contained within variousreligions of the world. How do all these myths seem to transcend thegeographical and cultural boundaries of Earth? Carl Gustav Jung, a leadingpsychologist and contemporary of Freud, came up with a theory involving thecollective unconscious of a persons psyche. The collective unconscious,according to Jung, is made up of what he called archetypes, or primordialimages. These correspond to such experiences such as confronting death orchoosing a mate and manifest themselves symbolically in religion, myths, fairytales and fantasies. .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .postImageUrl , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:hover , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:visited , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:active { border:0!important; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:active , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Self-discovery through Adversity EssayJoseph Campbell, considered by most to have been the foremost expert onworld religions and mythology, believed to be a fact that; mythologies andtheir deities are productions and projections of the psyche. It was his beliefthat religions and myths come from ones own creative imagination andunconsciousness. He further believed that humankind is intrinsically linked inthat some part of human nature creates these myths and religions out of a needfor them. We all have the same basic psychological makeup just as we all havethe same basic physical makeup. Recent scientific studies suggest that the average human uses only tento fifteen percent of his or her brain. What happens to the other eighty-fiveto ninety percent of it? Does it just sit there and have absolutely no use? Ordoes it perhaps contain the universal commonalties of what links us all as agreat big tribe of human beings; containing our greatest hopes, our worst fears,our dreams and creativity. Perhaps it does contain a link to the realm ofmysticism and surrealism which artists such as Salvador Dali tried so hard torender on canvas. Science doesnt know what it contains. Its in our skullsand were not even sure what it contains, maybe the answers to our ownprimordial questions. WORKS CITEDWorld Religions From Ancient History to the Present editor: Geoffrey Parrinder,copyright 1971, The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd. Essays On a Science of Mythology Carl Jung, copyright 1949, Pantheon Books Inc. Myths To Live By Joseph Campbell, copyright 1972, Viking PressReligions of the World Lewis M. Hopfe, Copyright 1976, Prentice-Hall Inc. Mythology Edith Hamilton, copyright 1942, Little Brown Inc. Encarta 95 copyright 1995, Microsoft corp. Philosophy

Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Film “Mommie Dearest” Essay Example

Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Film â€Å"Mommie Dearest† Paper The disruption or the illness of a person’s mentality is a disruption of his supposed living. The person is unable to function properly for himself, his family, nor in the society. Some types of the mental illnesses are curable and others, recurrent but manageable. Because of the unstable possibilities of mentally impaired persons, they are often stigmatized and afraid of being diagnosed. Fear of being society’s outsider is one of the most common reasons why people with mental illness go undiagnosed or untreated and in most cases diagnosed when it is too late to manage or treat the illness. This could greatly be accounted by the wrong and sometimes grotesque perceptions of the illness in the media and their depictions in films. Although some of these portrayals are realistic and accurate, some are more likely sensationalized. Media and films are powerful mediums of information. They can either justify the truth or bend the truth to both positive and negative extremities. With this in hand, this paper then is perusal of a film’s characterization of a person with mental disorder. The film studied is the biographic movie of Joan Crawford’s life entitled â€Å"Mommie Dearest† which was based on the book written by her adopted daughter Christina after her death. In the film, Yablans and Perry (1981) focused the story on the relationship between the movie legend Joan Crawford and her adoptive daughter Christina. The movie starts with then single and divorced Joan Crawford; determined to adopt children to fill the void that was missing in her life. Joan first adopted a baby girl and called her Christina. She later adopted another baby boy and called him Christopher. We will write a custom essay sample on Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Film â€Å"Mommie Dearest† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Film â€Å"Mommie Dearest† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Portrayal of Mental Illness in the Film â€Å"Mommie Dearest† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The film depicts the children’s lives under the renowned Hollywood star, who behind curtains was an abusive and violent parent. Her obsessive want of excellence as a famous actress and a parent topped with the pressure of being in show business and an abusive attitude towards alcohol was a repeating theme throughout the movie. Yablans and Perry(1981) concentrated the film on Joan Crawford’s bouts of obsessive madness where the burden was inflicted on her children. Christina’s struggle as a child and later on adulthood to be an actress to satisfy her mother was also conveyed. There were only several small indications of her marriages during the film. No doubt, Joan Crawford’s supposed reputation as a renowned actress was ruined by the exposure of her other life. Although Joan Crawford was not formally diagnosed, she was suspected to have an Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD). According to resources of MentalHelp. net (n. d. ), â€Å"OCD is an anxiety disorder where a person has recurrent and unwanted ideas or impulses (called obsessions)† and these obsessions are coupled with the constant â€Å"urge or compulsion† to satisfy the â€Å"discomfort caused by the obsession†. These obsessions could vary, from simple things such as hygiene to more complex things such as religion. When the compulsions to satisfy his obsession are disgruntled, anxiety attacks follow. MentalHelp. net (n. d. ) further adds that a person with OCD have thoughts and behaviors that are often â€Å"senseless, repetitive, distressing, and sometimes harmful, but they are also difficult to overcome†. The behavior of a person with OCD was more or less depicted by Joan Crawford’s characterization in the film. First was her obsession to be seen as a good role model of a parent. She insisted on adopting children although she was advised by her friend who is an attorney to not adopt because it was not advisable for her to adopt children given her single and divorced status. When advised, she retaliates â€Å"Bend the law! † (Yablans and Perry, 1981). In another instance, the two children were made to recite which were obviously practiced answers to the radio staff that came to interview the Crawford family on how they spend their Christmas. Joan Crawford was watchful of their answers and it was apparent how she was delighted and agitated on the children’s every response to the radio interviewer’s questions. Here, it can be seen that instead of parenting her children, she was directing them. Before that radio interview, an incident happened wherein the children faced one of Joan Crawford’s episodes of sheer madness. The children were already asleep when Joan walks in their bedroom. At first she was in a seemingly good mood but on seeing that Christina used wire hangers on the expensive dresses that she bought for her, she was enraged. She was in a rage, removing all the dresses and clothing from her dresser and afterward beats Christina with a wire hanger. Not satisfied, she continuous on the bathroom and inspects it. She finds the bathroom floor dirty although it was apparent that the bathroom was squeaky clean. Joan then forces her daughter to clean the floor with her. Christina was perplexed on how to clean an already clean floor and could only say â€Å"How? † (Yablans and Perry, 1981). This event occurred after she received an award for Best Actress.

Minorities and Indian Constitution Essays

Minorities and Indian Constitution Essays Minorities and Indian Constitution Essay Minorities and Indian Constitution Essay Minorities and our constitution: Historical Approach and its present relevance: Though Indian society has been plural from ancient times, the minority problem faced as faced by the framers of the Constitution is widely   believed to be the creation of the colonial regime. The plural Indian society has various groups – ethnic, religious and linguistic. They used to live harmoniously together with broad cultural unity. Even Islam co-existed with Hinduism. However, the British rule made a qualitative difference in the minority problem. It accepted the plural nature of the Indian society but stressed the importance of groups rather than individuals in the political processes and attempted to widen the gap among different groups based on ethnicity, religion, language and other interest in order to sub serve their imperial interest. In the words of Milton Gordon, British emphasized on  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcorporate pluralism’  rather than  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœliberal pluralism’ In corporate pluralism emphasis is on groups and individuals are treated as members of the group: in liberal pluralism emphasis is on individuals as citizens. The Corporate Pluralism led to the separation among groups and thereby it creates difficulty in national integration. The latter neo-liberal pluralism helps the process of national integration and nation building. The national leaders accepted that Indian society was plural and that any constitutional framework could not ignore it. However their concept of Indian plural society was based on ‘Liberal Pluralism’ which emphasized the fact that though an individual was a member of his group, he participated in the political system as a citizen. This concept, they hoped, would ultimately strengthen the national bond among different minority groups and which foster the approach was evident in the  Nehru Committee Report, 1928,  which recommended on one hand, joint mixed electorates and on the other hand favoured such fundamental rights for individuals as right to equality, freedom of religion, etc. With such constitution they believed, the problem of minority could be solved after the departure of the British. It was under the  Cabinet Mission Plan, 1946, that the Constituent Assembly was elected to frame constitution for India. The Cabinet Mission proposed he formation of an advisory committee on minorities, fundamental rights of individuals and to suggest measures for safeguarding interests of minorities. The advisory committee was set up under the chairmanship of Sardar Vallabhai Patel which commented:   The question of minorities cannot possibly be overrated. It has been created so far creating conflict, distrust and cleavages between the different sections of the society. Imperialism thrives on such difference. So far the minorities have been stimulated and have been influenced in a manner which has hampered the growth of cohesion and friendliness. But now it is necessary that a new chapter should start and we should realize our responsibility. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar  while moving the Draft Constitution for consideration of the house said: In this country both minorities and majorities have followed the wrong path. It is wrong for the majority to dent the existence of minorities and it is equally wrong for the minorities to immortalize themselves. A solution must be found which will serve double purpose. It must recognize the existence of the minorities to start with. It must also be such that it enables majorities and minorities to merge someday into one†¦. When the Constituent Assembly decided to do away with communal separate electorates and communal reservation, Nehru welcomed it as a â€Å"historic turn of our destiny†. It was also welcomed by Sardar Patel . Thus it is clear that the constitution framers hoped that by abolishing separate communal reservations and by guaranteeing fundamental rights to citizens, India will be able to solve the problem of minorities and will emerge one day as â€Å"one community†. However, this hope was disproved by later developments. The constitutional provisions that were finally embodied in the constitution to solve the minority problem included among others the following: Communal separate electorates as introduced under British rule were abolished, and following the Nehru Committee Report, 1928, joint electorates with reserved seats for socially backward communities were adopted. Universal Adult Suffrage was adopted  and every adult citizen was given the right to vote. Special provisions were made for reservation of seats for the Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes both in State Legislatures and In Parliament. Initially such provisions were for ten years but since 1960 these were extended for 10 yearly bases. Fundamental Rights were guaranteed  and were made justifiable such as:  right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation and right to religious freedom. However, the chapter on fundamental rights also included provisions regarding protective discrimination in favour of children, women, Schedule Castes, Schedule Tribes and Backward classes. Besides these rights to individuals and citizens, the Constitution also provided for  cultural and educational rights of minority  as fundamental rights According to  Article 29  any section of citizens of India having distinct language, Script and culture has the right to conserve the same. It covers both the majority and minority communities. Hence the majority cannot burden its own language, script and culture on minority. Article 30  states that all minorities, whether based on religion or language, shall have right to establish and administer educational institution of their choice. Special provisions are made for Anglo Indian Community in certain services such as to posts in railways, customs, postal and telegraph services and also educational grants for their benefits. Articles’ 336 and 337) Provision was made for the appointment of a Commission to investigate the conditions of backward classes. (Article 340) A separate constitution was permitted for the state of Jammu and Kashmir  (Article 370) Similar special provisions were also made and added in subsequent   constitutional amendments to provide for particular demands of different linguistic, religious or regional backward minority groups such as development boards for  Vidharbha in Maharash tra and Kutch In Gujrat  (article 371 D) and  provisions for Andhra  (Art. 71 D) Similar special provisions were enacted to protect religious and social practices, customary law, ownership and transfer of land and its resources to tribal people with respect to states of North-East and other parts of the country. An analysis of these provisions shows that in spite of an emphasis on Universal Adult Suffrage and fundamental rights of individuals and citizens, plural nature of Indian society was not ignored and constitutional makers provided also for ethnic, religious and linguistic groups. While emphasizing liberal pluralism they also accepted the corporate pluralism to some extent and made provisions for rights of groups. Thus the makers of constitution had hoped that the problem of Minority created by Britishers would be solved peacefully with the constitutional framework and some day minority and majority would form â€Å"one community†. However, the problem has become more serious. In spite of numerous executive and legislative measures as well as constitutional amendments, the country still suffers from ethnic and terroristic violence. In order to check such destructive and violent activities, the state has to use police and even military power resulting in serious setback to the process of National Integration. In fact the minority problem is multi-dimensional which requires multi-dimensional solution. The modernization has developed two different tendencies. On one side it has strengthened the demand for identity of ethnic groups and one the other it has caused a desire for progress. It has been pointed out that in a low income multi-ethnic society modernization involves two processes which are often antagonistic. It provides opportunities for mobility which promotes internal migration; it also helps the development of Ethnic Cohesion. Ethnic Cohesion does not necessarily mean a break from the past; but it does involve modernity of tradition. Ethnic Cohesion in order to be effective requires resources which are distributed by political power. In a developing society like India, there is a scarcity of resources and every group’s fights for more and more resources. Every group desires to control or at least to have an effective voice in the distribution of resources. It is in this sense the political power occupies the central position in any political system. It is thus clear that the minority problem involves a number of variables both traditional and modern. It is therefore difficult to suggest readymade constitutional solution. Constitution is after all means which if properly implemented, can help to secure the desirable end. Much depends on how its provisions are interpreted and implemented. Keeping this in mind following measures can prove helpful to solve the problem of minority:- Policies of government are crises induced. Such policies encourage minority groups to put more demands leading ultimately to show off strength. This practice should be given up and certain objective criteria based on consensus among national leaders and ethnic group leaders should be laid down to grant more rights to these groups. Resources should be distributed among different groups justly and honestly. The regime should adopt transparent method for distribution of resources. Practice of Liberal Pluralism should be encouraged. This should be realized that any emphasis on the corporate pluralism will not help in the National Integration. Policy of accommodating minority/ethnic political demands should be favoured Finally, it is necessary that an atmosphere of trust should be created between national leaders and ethnic leaders. We must remember that the choice for us is between rapid evolution and violent revolution and if we cannot solve this problem soon our Constitution will become useless and powerless. â€Å"If India goes down, all will go down; if India thrives, all will thrive; if India lives all will live.

Social Security Warns of ID Theft Scams

Social Security Warns of ID Theft Scams Almost 70 million Americans depend  on Social Security benefits. Sadly, whether you are already receiving benefits or not, your Social Security account is a tempting target for scammers. The sheer complexity of this mainline federal assistance program makes Social Security accounts particularly vulnerable to hacking by cyber attackers. As a result, the Social Security Administration has identified some particularly dangerous scams you should be aware of whether you are already receiving benefits or plan to in the future. Online Social Security Account Scam The Social Security Administration (SSA) strongly urges all current and future beneficiaries to set up a personal â€Å"My Social Security† account on its website. Opening a My Social Security account allows you to check the size of your current or future benefits and change your bank account direct deposit information or mailing address without having to visit your local Social Security office or wait on hold to speak to an agent. The bad news is that scammers also take advantage of many My Social Security accounts. In this bit of awful, scammers set up My Social Security accounts in the names of people who do not already have them, thus allowing them to transfer the victims’ current or future benefits to their own bank accounts or debit cards. While Social Security will reimburse victims of this scam, it can take months and leave you without benefits during that period. How to Prevent It Scammers can only set up a bogus My Social Security account in your name if they already know your Social Security Number and other personal information, which in today’s data-breach-of-the-week environment is all too likely. So, the thing to do is set up your account as soon as possible. Anyone over age 18 can set up a My Social Security account. Even if you do not intend to start drawing benefits for years, a My Social Security account can be a valuable retirement planning tool. When you set up your account, be sure to choose the â€Å"Add Extra Security† option on the online signup form. This option will cause a new security code to be sent to your cell phone or email ever time you try to access your account. You will need to enter the code in order to log on. It is sort of inconvenient, but far better than having your benefits stolen. The Fake Social Security Employee Scams There exists a whole set of scams in which the perpetrator- posing as a Social Security â€Å"agent- calls victims regarding their benefits. For example, the scammer may claim the SSA needs to verify the victim’s direct deposit information. In another more complex scam, the victim is told that their Social Security benefits are being cut because they have inherited a house from a relative; an event that would not result in a reduction of their Social Security benefit. To help perpetrate the fraud, the caller then places the recipient on hold and plays the same on-hold recordings actually used by Social Security. When the scammer comes back on the line, the victim is that told proceeds from the sale of the house will be sent to them if they pay the back taxes. Of course, there are no inherited houses or back taxes. How to Prevent It The SSA recommends taking extreme precautions before giving out personal information. â€Å"You should never provide your Social Security number or other personal information over the telephone unless you initiated the contact, or are confident of the person to whom you are speaking,† says the agency. â€Å"If in doubt, do not release information without first verifying the validity of the call.† Which you can do by calling Social Security’s toll free number at 1-800-772-1213 to verify the legitimacy of the call. (If you are deaf or hard of hearing, call Social Securitys TTY number at 1-800-325-0778.) Also be aware that scammers have also perfected the black cyber crime art of â€Å"caller ID spoofing,† so even if your caller ID says, â€Å"Social Security Administration,† it is probably just another scammer. The Data Theft Scare Scam Given the number of actual government data breaches these days, this scam is particularly believable and dangerous. The scammer – again pretending to work for Social Security – tells the victim that the agency’s computers have been hacked. In order find out if the victims account has been compromised, the scammer says he needs to verify that the SSA has the victim’s correct bank account information. To set the hook, the scammer gives the victim account information he knows is incorrect. In the end, the victim is tricked into giving the scammer their correct bank account information. Bad, very bad. How to Prevent It The SSA recommends ignoring calls and emails regarding account data breaches. The agency never initiates contact with beneficiaries by phone or email.Even letters regarding data breaches can be scams as scammers have gotten very good at making envelopes and letters look â€Å"official.† If you get such a letter call the real Social Security Administration at 800-772-1213 to find out if the letter is legitimate. If the letter gives any other number to call, do not call it. The No COLA For You Scam While it hasn’t happened since 2014, Social Security adds a cost of living adjustment (COLA) in most years based on the rate of inflation. But, when there is no increase in the consumer price index (CPI), as was the case in 2015 and 2016, there is no COLA for Social Security recipients. Scammers- again posing as SSA employees- take advantage of these non-COLA years by calling, emailing or sending letters to victims stating that the SSA had apparently â€Å"forgotten† to apply the COLA increase to their accounts. As with other scams, victims are given a form or link to a website where they can â€Å"claim† their COLA increase by providing their Social Security Number and bank account information. By now, you know what happens next. Tell your money goodbye. How to Prevent It Ignore the letters, calls or emails. When and if they are given, Social Security applies COLAs automatically and without fail to the accounts of all current beneficiaries. You never have to â€Å"apply† for them. The New, Improved Social Security Card Scam In this one, the scammer, again posing as an SSA employee, tells the victim that the agency is replacing all old paper Social Security cards with new high tech, â€Å"ID theft proof† computer chips embedded in them. The scammer tells the victim that they will not get any more benefits until they have gotten one of the new cards. The scammer then claims that he can â€Å"expedite† the replacement card if the victim provides their identity and bank account details. Clearly not the smart thing to do. How to Prevent It Ignore the claims. The SSA has no plans, desire or money to replace millions of old Social Security cards or to start issuing high-tech cards. In fact, the SSA recommends you not even carry your Social Security card with you due to the threat of identity theft. Instead, memorize your Social Security number and put the card in a safe, secret place. Report Suspected Scams The SSA’s office of inspector general asks Americans to report known or suspected incidents of scams. Reports can be submitted online at the SSA’s Report Fraud, Waste or Abuse website. Reports can also be submitted by mail to: Social Security Fraud Hotline​P.O. Box 17785Baltimore, Maryland 21235 In addition, reports can be submitted by telephone to 1-800-269-0271 from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Standard Time (TTY: 1-866-501-2101 for the deaf or hard of hearing.)

Qualcomm Stadium Sponsorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Qualcomm Stadium Sponsorship - Essay Example On entry to the stadium parking lots, Qualcomm signs can be seen at top of the stadium on the east and west sides of the stadium. Also on top of the stadium next to Qualcomm, but on a smaller scale, is a sponsorship sign for Union Bank, which is one of the official sponsors of the stadium and of the Chargers team. When entering the main gates of the stadium, the entrance ways have Qualcomm signs and showcase another stadium sponsor, Bud Light. These signs are on top of the pathway. The ticket office also has Qualcomm signs. On first entrance into the stadium, wall sponsorship of Sycuan, which is a San Diego Casino, greets fans. At the concession area, Bud Light signs grace the places to buy drinks; there are no other sponsors for food concessions. Inside the playing arena of the stadium, many different sponsorship signs can be found. The Jumbo-tron has Qualcomm Stadium on the top of it. Further down the Jumbo-tron there is a big Bud Light sign that is lighted. On the sides of the Jum bo-tron, Pepsi has small signs. On one side there is an advertisement for Toyota, while Union Bank is on the other side. On the opposite side of the stadium there is a smaller Jumbo-tron with a Qualcomm sign on top and a Bud Light sign underneath.   There is a trolley system that brings fans back and forth from the city to the stadium that has no sponsorship signage. On the outside and inside walls of the stadium there are statues and plaques of the San Diego Padres baseball team all over the stadium. This takes up most of the inside and outside space. These are prime areas for sponsorship; however, they are being used to remember the MLB baseball team that is no longer using the stadium. The San Diego Padres moved to their own brand new stadium a few years back. The Padre statues and plates could be taken down and used more constructively for sponsorship purposes. At the top of the

Introduction to Communication-Creating I Messages-discussion Personal Statement

Introduction to Communication-Creating I Messages-discussion - Personal Statement Example These situations could be the temperament and personal mood at the time of communication (Bishop 4). Non- assertive communication is in most cases defensive and irrational. I remember one scenario when I was in a meeting with my business partner. We had agreed on the standard terms for our ERP implementation to one of our clients. A disagreement arose on what duration the implementation of the project would take. A series of questions kept on propping up from my partner. There was a heated disagreement and the discussion turned out acrimonious. My partner in deed had some valid concerns. Assertive communication in this case would have solved the acrimony. Assertiveness is a skill that needs to be incorporated in day to day communication. When one is tactical in his or her communication, they listen more than they talk. The basis of careful listening is to gain a clear understanding of the other person’s perspective. The result would be a balanced reaction to whatever the issues under discussion. I now have an understanding of assertiveness in communication. It is more productive and it results to tangible

Mother Tongue Language And Mathematics Essay Example for Free

Mother Tongue Language And Mathematics Essay In what ways does your mother tongue language and mathematics resemble and differ from each other? Mathematics and language both act as a source of communication, thus both mathematics and language play an important role in life. According to the dictionary, language is defined as a communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. In comparison, the dictionary defines mathematics as a the study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols. Both language and mathematics use symbols, thus both concept are seen as a form of communication. The symbols represent values, which can be understood by the human mind. Language is defined as a code, and both the mother tongue and mathematics are made up of unique symbols that are consistent in their rules in order to be understood properly. Mathematics is a very complex, straightforward concept that has fixed meanings. If x = y = z, then x = y, x = z and y = z. This is a universal phenomenon accepted world wide. Mathematics has been used in the study of science. An example would be the physician Albert Einstein and the discovery of his equation e = mc2. Mathematics is composed of a combination of factors, which can be simplified and broken down. Factorisation of equations is an example. However, if an equation can be factored, then there is only possibility in which it can be broken down. Each equations has its universal values that cannot be altered. Even though mathematics exemplifies logic, it is not as simple to understand. In order to understand the concept of mathematics, a person has to learn a language first. Whether the language is English, French, Spanish or German does not matter. Mathematics is a fundamental base of our daily life and society, but it is not as essential as the communication between humans through the usage of language. Language is a much simpler concept than mathematics. Language does not have a fixed meaning or value, whereas this is the case in mathematics. 5 + 3 = 8. This is always true, it cannot be denied due to the mathematical code and its rule. In language this is not the case. Statements can be understood of accepted differently according to the individual. For example, Anna says to Tom, I really like you. This has no fixed meaning, because according to what tone this statement is said, it can either be true or false. Anna could emphasise through language that she in reality does like Tom. On the other hand, she has the ability to state it as a sarcastic phrase. This would mean, that in reality she doe not like Tom. Language also plays an important role in culture. Through language, the origin of individuals can be assumed. If somebody is mainly speaking German, then one can assume that the person is German. Even within the German language, different dialects are spoken. This makes language less specific than mathematics. There is the Hoch-Deutsch spoken in Germany, the Austrian German spoken in Austria and finally the Swiss German heard in Switzerland. Language is expressed in different forms, either written by the usage of symbols, orally through the usage of sounds and finally through the form of body language. Again, language illustrates a less specific concept than mathematics. All three forms can express certain values and one statement, such as I like you can be expressed in all three different forms. Even though both mathematics and language have codes, these can be misunderstood. In mathematics your result is an error, while in language misunderstandings can result in several problematic situations. The fundamental difference between mathematics and language is that one is universal in its concept, while the other is altered around the globe. Mathematics is universal, it has the same code throughout the world where 2 + 2 = 4 in every country. Language however, can be altered. If a Chinese speaks in Chinese to a Portuguese, it is unlikely that they will understand it each other. In conclusion, mathematics and language share both common concepts but also differ from each other. They are both essential for life, while language is the base to understand mathematics. The concept of mathematics has always been relevant in nature, such as 360à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ circles. Language is the invention of the human race in order to establish and maintain the communication between each other.

Local Area Networks :: essays research papers

LANs: Local Area Networks Local Area Networks also called LANs have been a major player in industrialization of computers. In the past 20 or so years the worlds industry has be invaded with new computer technology. It has made such an impact on the way we do business that it has become essential with an ever-growing need for improvement. LANs give an employer the ability to share information between computers with a simple relatively inexpensive system of network cards and software. It also lets the user or users share hardware such as Printers and scanners. The speed of access between the computers is lighting fast because the data has a short distance to cover. In most cases a LAN only occupies one or a group of buildings located next to each other. For larger area need there are several other types of networks such as the Internet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  LANs systems can be defined and connected in many different ways. This is the reason for the standardization for every one can have a common ground to start from. â€Å"The LANs described Herein are distinguished from other types of data networks in that they are optimized for a moderate size geographic area such as a single office building, warehouse, or a campus. The IEEE 802 LAN is a shared medium peer-to-peer communications network that broadcasts information for all stations to receive. As a consequence, it does not inherently provide privacy. The LAN enables stations to communicate directly using a common physical medium on a point-to-point basis without any intermediate switching node being required. There is always need for an access sublayer in order to arbitrate to access to the shared medium. The network is generally owned, used, and operated by a single organization. This is in contrast to Wide Area Networks (WANs) that interconnect communication faci lities in different parts of a country or are used as a public utility. These LANs are also different from networks, such as backplane buses, that are optimized for the interconnection of devices on a desk top or components within a single piece of equipment.†(IEEE 802 Standard 1990) That is the standard definition for LANs by Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer committee 802. They are the committee used to set the standard in workmanship and operations for technicians that set-up and perform maintenance on LANs systems. And through all the technical words what they are trying to say is a LAN is a small area network that distributes information among computer in a small work environment unlike WANs that distribute information across global areas.

Hamlet’s Other Apparition Essay

I was lying in on a hard cold floor. My head was reeling with a thousand bright lights – stars everywhere. Is this another apparition? The ghost of my father beckons me? I realized the cold floor along my back. The incessant throbbing in my head echoes a swosh, swosh sound ringing in my ear. The cold permeates me, my body is chilled but it does not move. The somewhat forgotten heaviness of responsibility returned and settled like a warm heavy cloak. Ah! what relief to shake it off. I lie there with the wet cold soaking through the wool and velvet of my coat and clothes to me and in me. I was wrong; there were no bright lights, only darkness. The sound receded to the distance, the throbbing in my head traveled to my temples and stayed there, as if to remind me that this is no apparition, as I had hoped it was, setting me free from this cursed mission to set things right. The knowledge surprised me into sitting up. The cold retreated somewhat. I knew now the source of the chill. It was the stone floor damp by the winter night’s mist. The dark did not retreat as everything else had – the pain in my head, the ringing in my ear and the cold. It was still dark – blindingly so. Suddenly, there appears a glow of light in front of me like a white dot from afar, visible only because of the total darkness. Ah, the apparition. It reminded me of a star in a dark, moonless night. Only it was lonesome, like I usually am standing in the tallest turret of the castle watching the heavens. Only now, I am not in the turret warmly surrounded by a million stars of the heaven, I am in this long dank corridor guided by a lonesome star. I felt around the floor for what I do not know. I did not summon the servants, for some reason I sat there in the damp stone floor feeling for something. No such luck in the dark. The light was merely a white dot and not a confirmation of a long held suspicion. I became aware of a flowing wetness in my neck, leaking from my ear. I touched it. It was sticky. Blood? Mine? Where was I? I feel that I should be wearing something in my head – my, mind, perhaps? I felt around some more, forgetting myself and crawling around in the dark like an animal. A poor animal not gifted with night vision. I stopped. Am I now mad in fact and not just in act? I stood up. The sudden movement sent me spinning. Was there an abyss in the castle? Why am I falling and spinning out of control. The bright lights threatened to come again. I closed my eyes fiercely. My head was pounding now. The swosh, swosh ringing in my ear threatened to return. I feel like I would embarrass myself as I keeled forward. Is it possible to embarrass oneself while alone in the dark? But what of embarrassment, have I not met with some maiden unkempt and uncouth to breathe deeply in her ear? Ah, madness, is it you? With closed eyes, I tried to stay still. The abyss, the pounding, and the ringing receded. They still threatened from a close distance but at least they were bearable and I was able to stay on my feet. Gingerly, I took a step forward, towards that white dot in the distance. The nausea came back but I conquered it. I took another step, and barely stayed on my feet. I raised my hand from my side and found a wall. Finally, support for my unfamiliar body. I made baby steps toward the bright light. I heard sounds. Is the ringing in my ear coming back to hunt me? No, it was different. It was like the rumblings of the sea from the distance. Am I still in Elsinore? As I draw nearer to light the sounds became the roar of waves. I remember the crash of waves in the moors. I could almost taste the salt in the air. I anticipate the fresh salty smell of the sea. It is what I need. Suddenly, I feel as if the hallway was suffocating me. The dark was closing near. I tried to make my way to light faster. My steps were small, but hurried, propelled by need to breathe in the sea. A soft breeze came to me. Ah! The sea, it beckons temptingly. The light became bigger. It became a slash, instead of a dot. It was long standing white line in the distance. The crash of waves became rumbles. The sea was gone even if the cool breeze remains, becomes more constant. The rumbles became murmurs. The words rush and tumble with each other, like a hurriedly spoken prayer, a long one from the sound of it. Little by little I hear a voice†¦ The light†¦ The light†¦ It was gone and a barely open door stands in its place. What is wrong with me? The whimsy of it all came back to taunt me †¦ my father’s ghost†¦ stars†¦ abyss†¦sea†¦ a guiding light†¦ Must kill! Must Kill! Was that me? No, it was the voice, a long familiar voice. I know that voice. I know that†¦ I did not rush to open the door. I peeped inside, trying to fit my vision in that long white line the door allowed. There was movement from inside. Then, before me is a face, a familiar face, familial face. I know that face. I know that face. You! Then, in came the abyss. There was dark and then, light – extremely bright light. Ah, the sun. It warms me, it bathes me. It seeps through the covers, to my night shirt, to my body. My frail mother, shifting sheets again? Ophelia? I was lying in a wonderfully warm bed and covered by wonderfully warm sheets. Where has the winter gone? The corridor! The room! The face! Where had they all gone? My head was reeling with a thousand questions. The light of day does not illuminate the dark corners of my suspicion. I pray for the throbbing in my head, the ringing in my ear. For then, there will be no questions, only answers and – vengeance! The doubts forced me into sitting up. The warmth retreated somewhat. The cool winter morning penetrates the sheets and touched my skin bringing with it wakefulness and resolve. I touched my ear and found something sticky. Slowly, an eerie smirk made it way into my face. It must be so†¦ It must be so†¦

Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities in Japan

Persons with disabilities have historically faced many struggles. Over the centuries and in various cultures around the world, people with disabilities have had to fight for their rights to be recognized as human beings capable of living independent and valuable lives. Although the terminology has changed remarkably over the past few decades from using words such as â€Å"crippled† to â€Å"handicapped† to â€Å"persons with disabilities†, the words themselves do not change the basic state of inequality people with disabilities cope with in their everyday lives.These include barriers in many essential aspects of life such as access to independent housing, education, public transportation and employment. Without equality of access and opportunities, people with disabilities will never truly be equal in any society. First and foremost, there must be recognition of the individuality of the disability experience. There must also be a recognition that the term disabil ity embodies much more than persons who are wheelchair users. This term implies a multiplicity of experiences including persons with learning disabilities, neurological, psychiatric and intellectual disabilities.To analyze the situation of persons with disabilities in Japan, it is crucial therefore that we accept the concepts of individuality of experience and the sense of disability as implying a wide range of experiences. Another guideline that will aid us in this analysis is to accept that this situation must be understood from the perspectives of people with disabilities themselves. Therefore, it may be that while strides are being made in Japan for persons with some manner of disabilities, persons with other types of disabilities may not be experiencing the same amount of progress in their lives.In Japan as in many other countries around the world, persons with disabilities have begun to mobilize themselves. The mobilization of people with disabilities is an important step in c hanging the state of inequality to one of greater equality. This mobilization process or ‘disability rights activism’ reflects the fact that people with disabilities in Japan are no longer willing to wait for their country to make important social change. They are taking the issue of creating an integrated society seriously and are willing to work hard to attain it.Social change for persons with disabilities in Japan began to take shape in 1986. This is when the seminal organization DPI-Japan (Japan National Assembly of Disabled Peoples’ International) formed. The formation of this organization meant that for the first time, people with disabilities in Japan had a national and organized voice to speak on behalf of their needs and most importantly, their rights. (Country Reports 2003). DPI-Japan is an important organization and â€Å"has taken a leadership position in the grassroots consumer movement in Japan.Furthermore, it has played an important role in the di sability field at large in promoting human rights and independence of persons with disabilities† (Yuki 2000). The fact that DPI-Japan even exists is evidence of the fact that people with disabilities in Japan face significant struggles. It is also evidence that persons with disabilities in Japan have begun to organize themselves in meaningful ways to address these struggles. This organization has now taken on the responsibility of trying to transform this ancient culture into an integrated society.According to some Japanese who are involved with disability rights activism and the independence living movement, persons with disabilities in Japan face some age-old problems that their counterparts have had to deal with in many other countries – prejudice. This prejudice has its foundation in basic misconceptions about what it means to live life with a disability. As one Japanese activist stated: In Japan today, most disabled people face discrimination that confines them to living in a separate world. As soon as it is determined that a new-born child has a disability, the child is separated from other people and consigned o a separate world for his or her whole life [. . . ] Parents with disabled children often keep them at home because of the strange looks both would get from the people in the community. (Daiichi 1) This is (unfortunately) not an unfamiliar scenario for people with disabilities. Peoples’ misconceptions, parental fears and systemic barriers are the kinds of struggles persons with disabilities have faced in many cultures and in Japan. Although disability rights activists have begun to mobilize in Japan, social change is slow. Recently however change has begun to appear on the horizon of Japanese culture.In 2003, a new national organization appeared which may signal the beginning of real success in creating greater awareness of the rights of people with disabilities in Japan. The Japanese Disability Forum is a relatively new coali tion of disability-rights Japanese NGO’s. In May 2003, they had their first dialogue with the Japanese government. â€Å"As a result, Mr. Toshihiro Higashi, a board member of DPI-Japan and an attorney, became an advisor of the Japanese Governmental Delegation to the Second Session of the UN Ad Hoc Committee† (Country Reports 2). Thus, a new age is slowly dawning in Japan.These kinds of changes signify that a process of accepting and integrating persons with disabilities into a higher level of consultation and decision-making in Japan is taking place. While some may see this as a small step, it is still extremely relevant. To be taken seriously, persons with disabilities must be active in the political-decision making process. The voices of persons with disabilities need to be heard locally and nationally but not only as complaints or concerns. Their voices must also be heard as offering viable suggestions for real and practical changes to Japanese society.DPI-Japan is being taken seriously and this marks the beginning of social change for Japanese persons with disabilities. While activists fight for change, persons with disabilities continue to cope with a society, which in their opinion does not fully accept them. Japanese people with disabilities may be moving steadily into important decisions, but for many these decisions cannot be made fast enough.â€Å"The extent of the discrimination faced by and the suffering imposed upon disabled people in Japan is demonstrated by the appearance in recent years of independent living organizations all over the country. (Daiichi 2). Finally, however, disability rights activists in Japan have begun to make some significant strides. In May 2004, the Japan Diet (Parliament) passed a law entitled, The Basic Law for Persons with Disabilities. This bill includes anti-discrimination provisions, stating â€Å"Nobody shall discriminate against persons with dis- abilities or perform other discriminating acts to vio late their rights and benefits, because of their disabilities. † [†¦] However, since no penalty is stipulated its legal effectiveness and binding force are quite weak. (Ohta 2005)While this certainly has to be considered a step forward for persons with disabilities in Japan, it is a small one. There are inherent problems with this legislation that prevent it from accomplishing anything substantive. First of all, it does not define what is meant by the term disability. It may or may not be inclusive of persons with all manner of disabilities but it does not say. Second, as the comment above indicates there are no legal stipulations for what will occur when someone actually does discriminate against a person with a disability.Thirdly and perhaps most important, it does not define what they mean by discrimination. There are no guidelines here for employers, transportation officials or anyone for that matter. Here is where Japanese disability rights activists still have a gre at deal of work ahead of them. If this law is to have any meaning or impact on Japanese society, it must be defined further. It would be helpful to study other laws such as the Americans with Disabilities Act which lays out very specific guidelines.There is no doubt that while some will see this as a victory, others might perceive of it as a token gesture to silence the furor that is beginning to grow in Japanese society. Indeed, some activists are beginning to take matters into their own hands. In 2003, 500 persons with disabilities, primarily wheelchair users occupied the building of the Ministry of Labor, Health and Welfare for over two week. The reason they did so was to protest the fact that personal care or assistance would be cut from twenty-four hours per day to only four.By the time, 1200 people gathered in front of the building, disability rights activists had taken control and occupied the building for over two weeks. The government relented and did not change the service . The activists had won an important victory. (Nakanishi 2005). Other victories have also begun to take place. Also in 2003, The Human Rights Bureau of Japan (a branch of the Justice Ministry) and the Osaka Legal Affairs Bureau â€Å"conducted a joint investigation into Central Japan Railway Co. (JR Tokai) after a complaint was filed in April with the Osaka Bureau by a cart user. (Ito 2004).According to this article by The Japan Times, the company had no reason to refuse a cart user onto their system. However the reality is that â€Å"[†¦]1,29 railway stations have cart access out of 9,538 stations [†¦] and JR Tokai is one of three railways that denies access to the carts at all stations. † (Ibid) Even though the individual was denied access there is a small victory here in that the government is taking the action and not disability rights activists. There is no doubt that in Japanese society, persons with disabilities face many systemic barriers.They are still den ied access to all public transportation. Indeed, they face age-old ideas and misconceptions about what it means to be a person with a disability. There is a law on the books but an extremely weak one which seems to have little or not ability to make substantive change in the daily life of people with disabilities. While information on other issues such as employment and education did not seem to be as readily available, it seems unlikely that there would be equality in those sectors when Japanese people with disabilities are still fighting for their basic rights.According to Daiichi, many people with disabilities want out of the institutions they live in but they have â€Å"no place to go [. . . ] It is very difficult to rent private apartments, and metropolitan public housing is available only to those who apply as households. † (2) So, even such basic rights as independent living are still a struggle for Japanese people with disabilities. The one bright spot on the horizon is the continuing work of disability rights activists who will hopefully not give up the fight.

Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay Essay Example

Tourism Country Analysis Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay Essay Tourism Country Analysis-Germany Essay Essay Essay Topic: Our Countrys Good Introduction Germany is a state with amazing diverseness with one of the richest historical heritage in the universe. standing out as one of the tourer attractive force characteristics. Germany is the most centrally placed in Europe among all the European states. It has a history of a disconnected state holding distinguishable provinces and folks. For this ground. Germany more that any other European state bears different names depending on the linguistic communication used. For illustration it is called Deutschland within Germany ; in French it is called ‘Allemagne’ and ‘Niemcy’ in Polish. ( Country profile ) On October 3rd1990. Western Germany was unified with the German Democratic Republic. The leaving criterions in the latter could non process those 1s of the former ; it has been a major challenge to make this because of the built-in industrial endeavor inefficiencies that characterized the German Democratic Republic. Another major factor that has posed challenges include the trouble in East Germany of deciding belongings ownership and the deficiency of substructure and the environmental debasement that occurred during the Communist regulation. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) The radical force particularly from the political right that is normally witnessed in East Germany is ever related to the economic uncertainness in this part. Most times the force is directed towards aliens and in peculiar non-Europeans. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) Politicss Germany is considered to be a Federal. Parliamentary. and representative democratic Republic. The ‘Grundgestz’ or the Basic Law is the model that was laid down in 1949 that guides the German political system up to today. For any amendments to take topographic point in the Grundgestz. a two-thirds bulk in Parliament is required. ( Country profile ) The Chancellor heads the Government and the place is presently held by Angela Merkel and she exercises executive powers that are similar to a Prime Minister’s. Parliament that consists of the Bundestag and Bundesrat ( Federal Council ) is vested with Federal legislative Powers. Members of the Bundestag are elected straight and members in the Bundesrat represent the authoritiess of the 16 provinces. These members are appointed by the province cabinet. which possesses the power to take them any clip. ( Country profile ) The Christian Democratic Party Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany are the ruling parties since 1949. However there’s being of other smaller parties. which include the Free Democratic Party and the Alliance 90/ The Greens ( Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union ) . The President of Germany besides doubles up as the Head of State and is usually elected by the Federal Convention ( Bundesversammlung ) . which is the establishment made up of members of the Bundestage and some members of the State delegate. The President of the Bundestag is the 2nd highest functionary and the Bundestag itself elects him/her. His/her duties include the overseeing of the body’s day-to-day Sessionss. The Chancellor on the other manus doubles up as the caput of Government and is the 3rd highest functionary who is nominated by the Germany President and so is elected by the Bundestag. A constructive gesture of no assurance by the Bundestag is what is necessary to take the Chancellor. ( Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union ) Economy In Europe. Germany’s National Economy is the largest. It is ranked the 3rd largest in the universe by nominal GDP. but ranked fifth in respects to gross domestic merchandise. As per 2006 statistics. the mean growing stands at 2. 8 % per annum. Germany has been renowned universe over since the industrial age as one of the best motor pioneers and has greatly benefited from the globalized universe economic system. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) One of its major drivers of its export economic system is the hallmark â€Å"Made in Germany. † which the universe has continuously associated with sturdiness and lastingness. This has turned out the state to be the world’s top exporter with the export figures as at 2006 standing at $ 1. 133 trillion bring forthing a trade excess of about ˆ165 billion. 70 % of its entire GDP is generated by the service sector with 29. 1 % contributed by the industrial sector and agribusiness falling behind with about 0. 9 % . ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) Germany’s cars. machinery. metals. and chemical goods contribute greatly to the export portfolio. In solar and wind turbine engineering. Germany leads the universe ( Global Wind Energy Market ) . Amongst its most popular trade names include Siemens. Mercedes Benz. BMW. Audi. Volkswagen. Porsche. and Nivea among others. Germany uses the common market currency the Euro and the state stands out as a major advocator for the European Union. Society ( People and Culture ) The bulk German population is made up dwellers of cultural Germans and over 7 million aliens. Majority of the aliens are made up of the so called â€Å"guest workers† who were largely Turkish workers. who in the 1950s and 60s were invited to make full in for the labour deficits. Germany therefore has rather a good figure of cultural Turks. Many political and economic refugees from the universe over particularly the underdeveloped universe choose Germany as a premier finish. ( Country profile ) Germany self-praises of holding one of the world’s highest degrees of instruction with keen technological promotion coupled with an matchless economic productiveness. University registration has steadily risen and has more than tripled since World War II ; the trade and proficient schools that are sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany back up the universities. The bulk of the population is made up of the in-between category with a per capita income standing at $ 28. 700. this is combined with a comprehensive societal public assistance system that caters for the cosmopolitan medical attention and unemployment attention besides other societal demands. ( Berghahn V. R. 1987 ) Culturally Germany is normally called â€Å"the land of poets and thinkers† ( Wasser J. 2006 ) . Religious and secular currents that have taken topographic point in Europe for a long clip have continuously shaped the German civilization. One of the most celebrated German classical music composers is Ludwig Van Beethoven ( Wasser J. 2006 ) . Geography The geographics of Germany is rich and diverse ranging from the high Alps in the South. the Bavarian field. and the fluxing hills of cardinal Germany to the seashore of the North and Baltic Sea. This makes the country’s countryside scenery worth sing. â€Å"it all expressions like a illumination train landscape packed with the nicest of old towns. medieval houses. Gothic churches and little small towns ; its alien! † ( Country profile ) Global Position Germany has continued to play a really of import function in the formation and the continued strengthening of the European Union and has continued to cultivate a really close relationship with France. One of Germany’s closest Alliess has been the U. S. whose aid was rather priceless during the 1948 Marshall Plan to reconstruct Germany after World War II. Neckties with America have gone to other countries like trade where a more balanced trade relationship has continued to boom. ( Country profile ) Mentions Berghahn. Volker Rolf. ( 1987 ) Modern Germany: Society. Economy. and Politics in the 20ThursdayCentury. 2d erectile dysfunction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union: Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 from U. S. Library of Congress: . Global Wind Energy Market 2006-2011. Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 from World Wide Web. windtech-international. com: Wasser. Jeremy. ( 2006 ) Spatzle Westerns Spiegel Online International: Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 State profile: Germany: Retrieved on 6ThursdayMarch 2008 from hypertext transfer protocol: //news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1047864. short-term memory:

Hot Asphalt Mix Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hot Asphalt Mix - Lab Report Example   This implies that the cohesive forces between the mixture particles are at their minimal. This is considering that in cohesive materials; the cohesive forces reduce with the increase in the moisture volume. At high temperatures, the viscosity of the asphalt reduces making it be more of a liquid. This permits the particles of the aggregate to interlock in an effective way. At a slightly lower temperature, the binder will act as a lubricant allowing the aggregate of the asphalt to undergo densification and shift in the process of compaction. Further temperature reduction leads to a binder stiffening in which case its cohesion avoids any more densification. From the results, it is clear that as the content of asphalt increase, the asphalt thickness of the aggregate also increases. At the temperatures set for compaction, the thickened films make the effect of lubrication to be experienced more. The mixture temperature has an effect on the process of compaction in a similar way the content of asphalt does. However, there is a limit to the temperature which is 150 degrees. Above this temperature will lead to asphalt damage through hardening being accelerated. On the other hand, there is also a lower temperature limit which is approximately 85 degrees; any temperature below this means that there is need of compaction effect on the content of void. Asphalt mix in most cases has many volumetric properties which are constituent of few properties in the volume like voids in the aggregate of the mineral, void in asphalt, void in the total mix. The crucial void in the air is directly related to the density (Marker, 284). The results showed the air void to range from 2.618 to 8.631 and the average is 4.613%. The average gives a perfect figure for the mixtures that are dense-graded.  Ã‚  

Web User Interface Design Principals Term Paper

Web User Interface Design Principals - Term Paper Example Web user interface designing is therefore the process of creating or improving the visual and utility of a website by making it user friendly. This is achieved by making the website contain the following principals: user friendly, this is when the user enjoys using the interface due to ease in utility; simple memorization, the user is able to remember how to use the structure of the site ease after a period of time without using the interface; reliable, the interface can easily meet users' needs with minimal effort and resources; efficient, the user goals are meet within the shortest time possible through easy understandable instructions; useful, the can achieve his needs in a comprehensive and systematic way; learning ability, this principle basically answers the question how easy is it for the user to understand the basics (Miller, 2011). These principles are achieved through a well set up engineering design systems. This therefore brings us to the subject of discussion in this pap er and that is system design engineering. System design engineering involves design, construction and maintenance of large software systems. The first stage involves project management methodology. It is this methodology that is used to create web interface programs/ websites (Duyne, 2003). The main aim of coming up with a methodology is to concentrate on the design phases and analysis and this trickles down to reduced development and production cost. Web design methodologies are categorized into five and these are: Waterfall, Structure System Analysis and Design Method (SSADM), Prototyping, Rapid Application Development (RAD), Incremental Prototyping. According to Bean (2009), the water fall method contains a series of connected stages that cover the development process with the smallest level of redundant instruction between each stage. The disadvantage of this method is that its structures are rigid and lack iteration between any stages that are not adjacent. The web is rapidly g rowing structure therefore any method used in web site development must be highly versatile. The Structure Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM), is method designed to develop fairly large websites. This method concentrates on the design and analysis stages with the aim of reducing errors that might arise later. Prototyping is used in the development of interactive applications whereby the visual layout is important than the utility process of the system. The major problem of this method is that the user adds components on the prototype that are not part of the original system requirement thus the project is in constant state of prototype. Secondly it involves a large coverage of users; this raises the concern in defining a set of users to analyze the prototype (Garrett, 2011). The Rapid Application Development (RAD) method is a form of prototyping that contains numerous minute prototypes that make a large system and are deleted once they have been analyzed. Finally there is th e Incremental Prototyping, which allows development of large systems in stages. The systems are developed to completion first and then other minor entities are added to the system later. This method is mostly used by web designers because it is highly dynamic and it supports website growth in terms of functionality and size. The incremental method therefore helps manage website sprawl.† These are considered to be the traditional methods of web designing (Powell, 2000). It is now the designers mandate to choose which web system methodology that suits the needs of the project he