Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations

Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations L1. Be able to explore how communication skills are used in health and social care 1.1 Apply relevant theories of communication to health and social care contexts 1.2 Use communication skills in a health and social care context 1.3 Review methods of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals in health and social care settings 1.4 Analyse the use of strategies to support users of health and social care services with specific communication needs There is a multitude of theories that can be used in the communication of health and social care contexts. Gerald Egan developed a theory of communication using an acronym in order to build the Components of communication with others. This was outlined in his book called ‘The Skilled  Helper’. The acronym he developed is, S O L E R. SOLER is often utilized to guide health and social care workers when dealing with vulnerable individuals and also acts as an described technique for active listening. In the sort of nonverbal communication, Soler theory can be valuable when helping another individual as it can make the other party feel cared for, involved in what is going on and feel respected and read. Heavily used in counselling and other areas of Health and Social Care, the theory can also be read by anyone who cares to become a more serious listener. Tuckman’s theory of group formation is essential for health and social care as in most health and social care settings group work is used. This always seems to work and people communicate very well. According to his 5 group interaction stages, teams can get stronger, more productive and efficient. His stage s include Forming The initial stage of team development during which people have not yet gelled together. Everybody is busy discovering their spot in the team, sizing each other up, and asking themselves why they are here. Storming People start to view themselves as part of a squad. Many conflicts or confrontations among team members occur in this stage resulting in some loss of focal point. Norming – At this point, team members begin to arrive together, developing procedures, establishing ground rules, deciding who does what, and how things will be managed. This form is known by a sense of togetherness. Performing This is the last point where the increased focus on both the task, and on team relationships, combines to provide working together well. Public presentation is given up through people working effectively together. And characteristics of effective teamwork will help teams sustain performance. Communication has an essential role in any action that aims to improve health. It is difficult to imagine how a message could be delivered to promote healthy choices if we could not communicate. The communication process is a multi-dimensional transaction influenced by a variety of factors and as a transitional process and in a health context, it is an important part of health and social care contexts. Communication according to Minardi and Reily (1997) is an essential, instrumental and purposeful process. The communication transaction is one of sharing information using a set of common rules (Northouseand Northouse 1998). The basic representative model of communication is commonly conceived as a one-way flow process consisting of a sender, message and receiver. In accession to this, other variables such s understanding by that receiver and feedback to the communicator can also be included. These last two variables are important for health communication as they imply two-way communication, thus making a motion away from the traditional concept of one-way communication towards multi-style communication. Communication in health takes place on many stages, including individual, group, organization, community or mass-media. Communication in health can be defined in much the same way as communication has generally been defined: a transactional operation. The primary dispute in communicating health is that the focus is not a universal one, but one specific to health data. Kreps (2003) summarizes the increase of ‘health’ to the definition of communication as a ‘resource’ that allows health messages (for example prevention, risk or awareness) to be applied in the education and avoidance of ill health. This broad definition incorporates the fact that health communication can take place at many levels and embodies a holistic access to health promotion. In order to deal with inapporiate communications, a successful two-way communication process depends on carefully conveying the message so that the listener understands exactly what we mean as non-verbal behavior may carry more meaning than words.Wen it comes for Speaking, clarifying the meaning with body language, facial expressions and voice to support the words is essential. Litening makes the communication process easier, attention should be given to the speaker, ad letting them finish before respond.The communication channels used is crucial in avoiding inapporiate communications, Face-to-face communication offers the best chance of full understanding, but the written word provides a more permanent record. A phone conversation restricts the effectiveness of body language, but notice tone of voice and speed of delivery, allows to pick up anger or annoyance.Pictures or symbols can be used to clarify communication, especially if either the listener or speaker has a specific commun ication difficulty and expressing emotion or explaining complex issues should be avoided. In order to cater to people with specific communication needs, this can be divided into 2 sections such as assistive technology and human assistance. Within technology softwares and support devices can be used to support people.This can include voice activated softwares, text phones, loop systems and hearing aids.When it comes for human assistance, advocates, translators, interpreters depending on the requirements can be used for communication purposes and to reduce communication barriers I health and social care sectors. L2.Understand how various factors influence the communication process in health and social care 2.1 Explain how the communication process is influenced by values and cultural factors 2.2 Explain how legislation, charters and codes of practice impact on the communication process in health and social care 2.3 Analyse the effectiveness of organisational systems and policies in promoting good practice in communication 2.4 Suggest ways of improving the communication process in a health and social care setting Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its members take for granted. Few of us are mindful of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting begins at a very early age. And while some of a cultures knowledge, principles, opinions, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the info is absorbed subconsciously. Within Health and Social care context, intercultural communication is a field of study of importance because of increased globalization and also because of growing workforce who are different ethnically and culturally. Cultures provide people with ways of rememberingways of experiencing, listening, and interpreting the world. Hence the same speech can imply different things to people from different cultures, even when they utter the same speech communication. When the languages are different, and the translation has to be practiced to communicate, the potential for mistakes increases. Stella Ting-Toomey describes thr ee ways in which culture interferes with effective cross-cultural understanding. First is what she calls cognitive constraints. These are the frames of reference or world views that offer a backdrop that all fresh data is comparable to or introduced into. Second are behavior constraints. Each culture has its own regulations about proper behavior which affect verbal and gestural communication. Whether one sees the other individual in the eye-or not; whether one reads what one means overtly or talks around the subject; how close the people stand to each other when they are talkingall of these and many more are rules of politeness which differ from culture to culture. Ting-Toomeys third factor is emotional constraints. Different cultures regulate the showing of emotion differently. Some cultures get very excited when they are deliberating an issue. They cry, they scream, they demonstrate their anger, awe, frustration, and other feelings openly. Other cultures try to hold their emotions hidden, exhibiting or sharing only the rational or factual aspects of the situation. All of these conflicts tend to lead to communication problems. If the masses involved are not cognizant of the potential for such problems, they are even more likely to fall victim to them, although it needs more than awareness to defeat these problems and communicate effectively across cultures. Legislation exists to protect the rights of individuals and promote equality of opportunity for all. As a career, being aware of my rights and those of the people I would care for can help both of us get fair access to things that most people take for granted. This could be public transport, paid employment and health services. In order to prevent discrimination or harassment because of their age, disability or caring role, or for other reasons such as race, sex or sexual orientation the Equality Act was introduced in 2010, strengthens the law in certain situations, including increased protection for disabled people, and new measures protecting the careers of elderly or disabled people. The Data Protection Act 1998 establishes a framework of rights and obligations which are planned to safeguard personal information. This framework balances the legitimate needs of organizations to accumulate and utilize personal data for business and other purposes against the right of individuals to respect for the secrecy of their personal details. The legislation itself is supported by a circle of eight principles, which induce to be complied with. The exemptions either allow for the disclosure of information where there would otherwise be a breach of the Act or allow information to be withheld that would otherwise need to be exposed. Apart from these legislations, Charters such as CQC, Voices into Action, Department of Health Information Charter provide many important knowledge and information in a variety of topics such as public health, social care, national health services in order to communicate to the mass public where information can be passed on a large scale. Codes of practise such as Health and Care Professions Council Standards of Proficiency for Social Workers would ensure that right actions has been taken in order to protect and comply with registration requirements. So, health and adult social care registered providers will have to show that they meet the regulation of different codes to minimise spreading of diseases or infections. When it comes for communications, processes and procedures as of utmost importance for the clear flow of communication among internal as well as external parties involved.In a health and social care context, according to the staff role, responsibilities should be divided and each one shoul take accountability for their own actions.And data protection is essential to protect the confidentiality f the client and this are further strengthened by acts such as the data protection act.According to job role, working instructions should be given to the workers.Policies such as equal opportunites would be needed to help health and social care workers to develop and advance in career while other policies such as safeguarding, anti-bullying would safe guard employees against discrimination and protect them from health and safety issues. In order to improve, there should be reflective practice among all individuals working within the health and social care environment.Special attention should be given towards looking after patients where if client-centred care is developed, this would bring in growth to business.Oranizations should also consider staff development where rewarding and remuneration, career development and staff recognition programmes can increase motivation and lead to more productivity and efficiency of care workers.Collaborative working enviornments should be created where skills and knowledge can be exchanged and information passed out for mass public.And compliance with legislation and policies would improve quality of the services provided while protecting both sides such as the workers and their clients. L3.Be able to explore the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in health and social care 3.1 Access and use standard ICT software packages to support work in health and social care 3.2 Analyse the benefits of using ICT in health and social care for users of services, care workers and care organisations. 3.3 Analyse how legal considerations in the use of ICT impact on health and social care. ICTs can be defined as tools that facilitate communication and the processing and transmission of information and the sharing of knowledge by electronic means. This encompasses the full range of electronic digital and analog ICTs, from radio and television to telephones (fixed and mobile), computers, electronic-based media such as digital text and audio-video recording, and the Internet, but excludes the non ¬electronic technologies.In recent years, health and social work practice has adapted to include new forms of recording and monitoring – including the use of information and communication technologies (ICT’s) and the usage of different softwares in order to increase productivity and efficiency of the workers.Softwares such as MS office is used in creating Powerpoint presentations that will be used in teaching as well as managerial backgrounds, word processing softwares in drafting legal documents, and excel in maintaining customer and client data bases. When considering how these ICT packages are used in a health and social care context,they are used in a variety of ways. In, Medical, health, and healthcare informatics, these are used as skills and tools which enable information to be collected, managed, used and shared to support the delivery of healthcare and to promote health (NHS, 2006). On E-health, the utilization of emerging information and communication technology and software packages, especially the Internet, to improve or enable health and healthcare (Eng, 2001). This has bridged both the clinical and non-clinical sectors and includes equally individual and population health-oriented creatures. And finally the health system where these are used in all activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes, but is not limited to, the preventive, curative and palliative health services provided by the health care system (WHO, 2000). ICTs have clearly made an impact on health care. They have Improved dissemination of public health information and facilitated public discourse and dialogue around major public health threats while enabling remote consultation, diagnosis and treatment through telemedicine. Facilitated collaboration and cooperation among health workers, including sharing of learning and training approaches are supporting more effective health research and the dissemination and access to research findings which have strengthened the ability to monitor the incidence of public health threats and respond in a more timely and effective manner while also improving the efficiency of administrative systems in health care facilities. A wide range of stakeholders within the health and social care industry are benefited, in the developing world are potential beneficiaries of ICTs. They are from a top level to a grass root level giving out services to the public .They include International agencies (WHO, UNAIDS), International NGOs, Government ministries, Provincial hospitals and health departments, health workers, doctors, community leaders, patients and citizens. According to WHO, the use of ICTs in health is not merely about technology (Dzenowagis, 2005), but a means to reach a series of desired outcomes, such as health workers making better treatment decisions and hospitals providing higher quality and safer care. People now can make informed choices about their own health and due to this government also becoming more responsive to health needs where national and local information systems supporting the development of effective, efficient and equitable health systems help policy makers and the public awareness of health risks. And this has made people have the information and knowledge they need for better health. But when considering how legal legislations are impacting the usage of ICT. I belive they do more good than harm . With so many people using computers today, and with many of the computers connected to the internet, many users worry that others will misuse their computers and, e.g. steal their data to commit fraud. The Data Protection Act aims to protect the rights of the owners of the data. It does not actually protect the data. The Act sets out rules on how the data should be stored and used and provides a means for the owners of the data to complain and sometimes to claim compensation if their data is misused.This gives privacy for people involved in health and social care sector as patient information, client information can be protected from going nto wrong hands. Almost everyone, not just all employees and employers, have a duty under the Health and Safety at Work Acts to work and behave safely; also the Act makes it illegal to act recklessly or intentionally act in such a way as to endanger yourself or others. Employees must take reasonable care for their  own and others safety and cooperate with their employers in doing so.Ass unless proper precautions are taken place, injuries can occour which can have huge impacts. Injuries such as Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) are common and are caused by the repetitive clicking of the buttons of a mouse or a keyboard and shows itself as pain in the arms. It is not certain that RSI or CTS are actually caused by repetitive actions when using computers, but these actions do seem to make the conditions worse. Aside from this Headaches are frequently induced by troubles with vision, Neck or back pain may be linked with incorrect postures or Eyestrain or sore eyes may be induced by using computers for long periods. But not only these, using computers can also have physical harm if we are not sensible and under the statute laws of health and social care, cautions are taken place in creating awareness ad reducing these kind of situations among employees, patients and other involved parties an thanks t proper legislations this is a success.

Freudian approaches to Tennessee Williams’ Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay

I will discuss how Freudian theory ties in with the issues featuring in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis came up with a theory of the unconscious mind, he identified that sexual desires are the primary motivational energy of human life. William shows this in play by Margaret’s sexual desires for Brick keeps her energy up and gets her to keep trying to get Brick’s affection. Big Daddy and Big Mama have fears and anxieties about Margaret and Bricks lack of children, and so does Margaret herself because she wants a share of the plantation. However this does not worry Mae and Gooper who are more than happy that they are prime candidates to become the owner of the plantation, Mae especially enjoy sneer at the fact that Margaret is childless â€Å"Mae: she’s childless because that big beautiful athlete of hers won’t go to bed with her† (97). The family especially Big Daddy and Maggie have doubts about Brick’s sexuality and try to confront him about it. Brick: â€Å"You think that me and Skipper were a pair of dirty old men?† (pg 77). Symbolism definitely shown in ‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof’, Bricks crutch can symbolise that he needs support, â€Å"Brick: no just give me my crutch† (27). The crutch can be seen as symbol that Brick is weak without skipper hence needs support. But it can also represent the fact that Brick has lost his masculinity ‘Brick: I’m getting softer Maggie’ (pg 31) and the crutch is his masculinity hence why he cannot go anywhere without it. The alcohol symbolises that Brick is trying to escape reality by making himself unconscious or in his words the ‘click’ which he says to be when he is peaceful with himself. However the excessive drinking by Brick can also mean that Brick cannot cope without Skipper. Repression of homosexuality in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ties in with Sigmund Freud ideology, as Brick represses his feeling towards Skipper Brick: â€Å"I had friendship with Skipper – you are naming it dirty!† (pg 42).Repression is a defence mechanism and there are two stages, firstly the desires are pushed out from conscious into unconscious but this does not work for Brick as his feeling still surface. So the second line of defence is started this is where Brick is at in the book. Williams shows Brick as being reluctant to come out about his sexuality because he is brought up in an upper class family. One type of second line defence is overcompensation which is when a weakness is covered up by overcompensating on something else, in Bricks case is excessive sport. Then comes projection which is when you blame someone else; Brick blames â€Å"Maggie(79)† because she got â€Å"the idea (79)† that Brick and Skipper relationship was abnormal and that one reason why Skipper committed suicide. Then comes denial when protecting you from unpleasant reality which is seen in Brick as he tries to deny the truth when Big Daddy talks about it. Brick â€Å"YOU THINK SO TOO? You think me an skipper did sodomy†(77). Brick tries to justify it was Maggie who put dirty things into Skipper minding doubting himself about his sexuality, Brick trying to repress any arguments down to Margaret being jealous. Brick comes from an upper-class family who are highly respected from other people. The time when the story was set (1955) was a time when homosexuals were looked down upon and brought shame to their family. Brick is from a rich family, so he hides his sexuality so not to embarrass himself or his family, and marries Maggie to show that he is a man and tries to show his masculinity by being an athlete. Death features massively in the play, especially for Big Daddy who has cancer yet has been lied to by the family saying that he has a spastic colon. Big Daddy is also in denial because he himself knows everything is not alright because of the pain yet is putting a front on. Big Daddy and Big Mama have been told that he does not have cancer when he does and the only people that know are Mae and Gooper and Brick and Maggie. Big Mama is told her husband still has cancer later, but she says â€Å"it’s all a mistake† (93). Skipper is dead which makes Brick angry and blames his wife for the death. Margaret say is begging for Brick attention when she says â€Å"Skipper is dead! I am alive!†, but Brick does not want to believe that Skipper is dead â€Å"I tried to kill your Aunt Maggie, but I failed.† Brick definitely does not love Maggie and is shown in different way for example[She kisses Brick on the mouth which he immediately wipes with the back of his hand, (55pg).Bricks sexual desire keep surfacing no matter how much he is trying to suppress, so he tries to get his manhood back by jumping hurdles at the school athletic field but ends up fracturing his ankle. It shows that Brick is weak and helpless without Skipper. But also can be also interpreted to show Freud theory of sexual desires becomes energy for human life. Freud theory can relate to Cat on a Hot Tin Roof because unconscious and sexual desire relate to the character Brick who is trying to suppress his abnormal feeling from conscious to unconscious. In addition there is fear of death by Big Daddy and there are sexual desires.

The Technical Level Of Modern Technology - 1302 Words

The technical level of modern technology went from nominal to sensational in a span of ten years under the leadership of one man, Steve Paul Jobs. Without his innovations and creative ideas, the invention of hundreds of contemporary electronic pieces would not have come about. Steve Jobs is the creator of the Apple Company, a California-based electronics syndicate that began in his father, Paul Jobs’, garage. Growing up, Jobs has always been interested in industrial novelties and creating robotic objects. When he was old enough, he got a job at Hewlett-Packard, and was given a bag of machine parts, a membership in the explorer club, and the ability to use a computer. At the sight of the computer, he was fascinated and wanted to create something in similarity to it. While attending the Reed College in Oregon, he met Steve Wozniak, with whom he created Apple. Over time, the company succeeded, and it expanded copiously. 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An Evaluation Of Public Sector Enterprises Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1306 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? One of the reasons why the financial crisis has led to such negative consequences for the world economy is pay-for-performance systems that were being used in financial institutions. In order to prevent this scenario from happening again, financial regulators have developed remuneration rules and guidelines that aim to mitigate the negative consequences that are associated with bonus schemes (e.g., CEBS high-level principles of remuneration policies, the Statement on Director Remuneration of the European Corporate Governance Forum, the British Financial Services Authoritys code on remuneration practices, the Netherlands Bankers Association code). Common for all of these recommendations are deferral of bonus payments and bonus caps. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Evaluation Of Public Sector Enterprises Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Although many authors have been exploring this concrete field, the impact of deferred payment is yet considered as very complex and not fully understood. Amongst the total set of recommendations that these codes provide, two specific recommendations, which are central to all codes, are to cap bonuses and to defer bonus payments. At the same time, academy and practise are discussing about effectiveness of public sector enterprises. A 2005 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report noted the significant evolution and reform since 1995 of the government ownership function. These reforms have tended to move countries away from the decentralized model and more toward the centralized model of governing of public sector or state-owned enterprises. The effectiveness and performance of an enterprise is de ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ned as the degree to which the objectives assigned to it by its owners can be reached. The objectives of the private enterprise owners come down in large measure to a single objective, pro ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ t maximization. The objectives of public enterprises are more numerous (Thiry 1993). Public sector enterprises besides commercials goals are structured to fulfill social goals. In order to evaluate performances of those enterprises, state ownership authorities needs to implement social component of its business into performance management system. 3. PROBLEM DEFINITION Managerial payment incentives are being used in corporations that are strictly commercially oriented, but also in public sector enterprises. Do the same payment incentives in commercially oriented corporations and public sector enterprises lead to the same managerial decisions? Do they encourage the same level of risk-taking? State ownership authorities are supervisory and monitoring bodies that govern the state shareholdings. In order to evaluate performances of state asset that is in their jurisdiction they need performance measurement tool that can implement social specificity of public sector enterprises. The aim of research is to develop balanced score card model for public sector enterprises. Ho: Same type of managerial payment incentives has different influence on managers in financial institution and public sector enterprises Ho: Does deferred bonus payment affect decision makers in public sector enterprises preference for risk? Ho: Does deferred bonus payment a ffect decision makers in public sector enterprises preference changes in risk preference based on prior outcomes? We test these predictions in a two-by-two between subject experiment that involves a choice task. In the experiment, subjects were presented with the asset allocation task between two alternative investments a risk free and a risky asset repeated in two stages under four possible combinations of bonus schemes. The prospect theory that convincingly describes decision taking in one period may however not be extended to intertemporal decision choices. Such is the case when bonuses are deferred and decision making in one period affects the outcomes in several subsequent periods. The study will start on the premise that managers evaluate a certain income as a gain or a loss depending on the reference point. Managers are risk averse when the choices are made in the gain domain and loss averse (which may mean risk seeking) if the choices are made in a loss domain. Th e prospect theory that convincingly describes decision taking in one period may however not be extended to intertemporal decision choices. Such is the case when bonuses are deferred and decision making in one period affects the outcomes in several subsequent periods. Moreover, the bonus that is not received immediately gets discounted. Results and conclusions of dissertation should contribute to the implementation of pay schemes into the practice that would lead to optimal and functional risk propensity of managers in public sector enterprises. Also, it should contribute to better performance evaluation of public sector enterprises. 4. CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW Monetary incentive structure has role to aim managerial behavior to maximize firm value (Jensen and Murphy, 2004). Traditional pay-for-performance schemes do not obtaining that goal, because they represent option contracts rewarding positive outcomes more than punishing negative outcomes. This asymmetry is considered as important source of managerial dysfunctional risk-seeking behavior (Chen, Steiner and Whyte, 2006). As a response to regulatory recommendations and pressures major banks have suggested linear compensation schemes which symmetrically reward and punish managers for decision outcomes (Byrnes, 2009). However, the estimated risk-seeking effects of those schemes depend on the expected utility that decision makers appoint to these positive and negative outcomes (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). In contrast with expected utility theory, prospect theory argues that the utility of a cash flow depends on whether decision makers perceive the cash flows that is formed due to thei r decision as a gain or a loss. Whether cash flows are perceived as a gain or a loss depends on individuals reference points when evaluating decision outcomes (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). In general, losses weigh heavier than gains. This asymmetry causes people to be more risk averse in the gain domain than in the loss domain. Prospect theory is a descriptive theory based on evidence from gambling experiments. It argues that individuals behavioral patterns can be described by assuming they have utility curves in their minds which vary between domains. Prospect theory does not explain what reference point people take. It assumes that people take a reference point, after which the curves explain their risk preferences. An important distinctive element of the capped versus the non-capped scheme is the potential of a loss. Previous results suggest that an individual is slightly risk averse for gambles involving only gains, but strongly risk averse for gambles that cause potential losses (Schoemaker, 1990; Thaler, Kahneman, Tversky Schwartz, 1997). This would imply that agents with the non-capped scheme may want to evade penalties by taking a less risky strategy than those with the capped bonus scheme. It is difficult to imagine how a negative bonus would be enforced in practice other than subtracted from the prior balance of bonuses or from the fixed pay. To this point, just few penalty provisions are contained in the compensation contracts. In previous research penalties were in majority of experiments only hypothetical (Camerer, 1995), not enforced (Schoemaker, 1990) or expressed as opportunity costs withheld from the overall payment (Thaler, 1981). A scheme that is framed as a penalty in terms of opportunity costs is most likely to be used in real compensation contracts. The managers risk preference will depend on his perception of the remuneration as a loss, a gain or a reduction in a gain. The perception of the non-capped scheme as a mixed loss- gain domain or only a gain domain (as defined by Thaler, Kahneman, Tversky Schwartz, 1997) depends on whether the agent will revise the decision problem. A manager could consider entirely the effect of the decision taking on the bonus. In that case, the fixed pay would not influence a decision, but would be cancelled out as common effect for any choice. According to such editing of the problem, the non-capped bonus scheme is likely to induce risk aversion to avoid a loss. Or, in another case, a manager may reflect on the effect of decision taking on his overall bonus. A larger fixed pay in contrast to a variable pay would make the estimated value of the total compensation positive. If such editing is adopted, then a non-capped scheme in contrast to a capped scheme may result in higher risk propensity as it may give managers the potential for higher returns.