The Hudson RIver School Of Artist Essay Example For Students

The Hudson RIver School Of Artist Essay The Hudson River SchoolBy: David DiRenzoAP American History Block 2The Hudson River school represents the first native genre of distinctly American art. The school began to produce art works in the early 1820s; comprised of a group of loosely organized painters who took as their subject the unique naturalness of the undeveloped American continent, starting with the Hudson River region in New York, but eventually extending through space and time all the way to California and the 1870s. During the period, that the schools artists were active (c. 1820-1870) the nation was in the process of undergoing momentous political, social, and economic change. The works that the Hudson River School painters comprised reflected the changes that were taking place across the continent as well as the self-conceptualization taking place in an ever developing and ever changing America. We will write a custom essay on The Hudson RIver School Of Artist specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many consider Thomas Cole to be the father of the Hudson River School because of an exhibition he had organized in New York City. The exhibition, which took place in 1825, displayed many of the paintings he had made during a trip up the Hudson River. Thomas Cole had the clearest vision of what the artists of the School were seeking to accomplish in their painting and how the images that they were creating complimented the American concept of national character. Ironically, Cole was not American by birth. Born in England in 1801, Cole did not immigrate to the United States until he was twenty years old. Cole wrote an essay titled: Essay on American Scenery, which was published in a prominent Colonial magazine. American Monthly published Coles essay in January of 1836. In the essay, Cole addressed nature as the characteristic that set America apart from Europe. Cole and the other artist that were part of the genre thought of the American continent as the Garden of Eden. Subsequently th ey developed their own individual iconography that was expressive of the vision that America was in fact a garden, which had been provincially set aside by god for his chosen people, the Americans. For instance, lakes represented the eye of the human countance a mirror reflecting the undertones of the rest of the landscape, and, most importantly, linking the sky to the earth. Thus, the linking of Sky and Earth was inferring to the feeling of closeness that one got as he looked upon the American Landscape and marveled at how close it made him feel to god. Like the French and Dutch artist, the Hudson River artists show man as a small part of a larger environment, but to different purpose. Mans small stature implies a harmony with nature as well as his place in Gods larger plan. The artists use the physical geology of America to show the vast differences between Europe and America they do this in the form of mountains. To Cole, the sky represented the soul of all scenery, the truly sub lime in the landscape as well as spirituality. The lack of ruins was one of the surest signs that America was both young and new and free of the corruption of monarchy. The corruption of monarchy was implied by the presence of ruins on the landscape. Cole wrote, You see no ruined tower to tell of outrage no gorgeous temple to speak of ostentation; but freedoms offspring peace security, and happiness, dwell there, the spirits of the scene.Storms had several different meanings. While they would eventually come to represent both the coming sectional crisis and tension over the encroaching technology that was threatening the landscape, their original purpose was to represent the dark and violent side of Mother Nature. Trees came to be thought of as the true heros of Hudson River art, thus is expressed in this quote from Cole. They are like menthey exhibit striking peculiarities, and sometimes grand originality. The trees of the American landscape have a primitive quality that sets them apart from Europe, and their autumnal color su rpasses all the world in gorgeousness. Water Falls came to represent the ever-changing American Landscape; this was accomplished on both a physical and a social platform. Many men have tried to out the work of the school in perspective one such man is Alexis de Tocqueville who observed many things about the American character, however American identification with nature was not one of the things that he observed. In fact, he thought that nature was primarily a European concern, of no interest to Americans. He wrote in Democracy in America: Europeans think a lot about the wild, open spaces of America, but the Americans themselves hardly give them a thought. This opinion, however, is contradicted by two facts. First, the Hudson River School had come into being to great critical and popular acclaim five years before Tocqueville arrived in the United States and ten years before Democracy in America was published. Second, these images and images like them were not solely the intellectual property of the cultural elite but were widely disseminated throughout the public through their publication in newspapers. The mass production of prints and as illustrations in American novels such as the Leather stocking Tales of James Fennimore Cooper, which concerned themselves, at least in part with the place of nature in the American experience. .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 , .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .postImageUrl , .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 , .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398:hover , .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398:visited , .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398:active { border:0!important; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398:active , .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398 .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6e53a5a1bf963a8fda22f649c748d398:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayIn 1841, writing a review of James Fenimore Coopers Leatherstocking Tales, Honore de Balzac wrote The magical prose of Cooper not only embodies the spirit of the river, its shores, the forests and its trees; but it exhibits the minutes details, combined with the grandest outline. The vast solitudes, in which we penetrate, become in a moment deeply interestingWhen the spirit of solitude communes with us, when the first calm of these eternal shades pervades us, when we hover over this virgin vegetation, our hearts are filled with emotion. Balzac could just as easily been describing a painting by any Hudson River School artist. In those few sentences he captur ed not only their stylistic imprint attention to the minutest details on the grandest scale but also their desire to communicate the hand of divinity at work in the American landscape. It was not a new theme, but it was a uniquely American one, a theme that had its origin in the words of John Winthrop and the sermon that he delivered en route to New World aboard the Arabella in 1630. In A Modell of Christian Charity, Winthrop explained to his fellow Puritans To truly understand the immediate success and continuing popularity of the Hudson River School artists, it is necessary to fit their work into a larger cultural context. Thomas Cole in his Essay on American Scenery believed just the opposite. There is in the human mind, he wrote. An almost inseparable connection between the beautiful and the goodHe who looks on nature with a loving eyein gazing on the pure creations of the Almighty. Feels a calm religious tone steal through his mind, and when he has turned to mingle with his fe llow men, the chords which have been struck in that sweet communion cease not to vibrate. But the artists themselves were very aware of the destruction that threatened the natural landscape and the work of many of the later artists like Albert Bierstadt and Thomas Moran can be seen as attempts to recapture some of what had been lost to expansion and technology. Cole himself wrote, I cannot but express my sorrow that the beauty of such landscapes is passing away the ravages of the axe are daily increasing . In the course of its fifty-year history, the paintings of the Hudson River School spoke in symbolic language to both a great hopefulness and a wistful reminiscence of the American experiment. It also celebrated the primeval American landscape, the entrance of technology into that landscape, and eventually sorrow at its passing, and both a belief in a Provincially ordained destiny and the crisis of the Civil War. Despite, or perhaps because of this fluidity of meaning, these land scape paintings lay claim to an important place in American art history and in the American cultural consciousness. They represent the undeniable place that nature has and continues to occupy in the American imagination. Works ConsultedPrint ResourcesMilton Brown, Sam Hunter, John Jacobus, Naomi Rosenblum and David M. Sokol, American Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Decorative Arts, Photography, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice-Hall, 1979 Motley F. Deakin, The Home Books of the Picturesque: or American Scenery, Art, and Literature, Gainseville, Scholars Facsimiles and Reprints, 1967 Angela Miller, The Empire of the Eye: Landscape Representation and American Cultural Politics, 1825-1875, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1993 Perry Miller, Natures Nation, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1967 Barbara Novak, Nature and Culture: American Landscape Painting 1825-1875, New York, Oxford University Press, 1995 Jules David Prown, Nancy K. Anderson, William Cronon, Brian W. Dippie, Martha A. Sandweiss, Susan P. Schoelwer and Howard R. Lamar, Discovered Lands, Invented Pasts: Transforming Visions of the American West, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1992 John R. Stilgoe, Common Landscape of America: 150 8 to 1845, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1982 Web ResourcesVitaly Komar Alex Melamids Most Wanted Paintings on the Web: http://www.diacenter.org/km/ The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC: http://www.nga.gov/

Customer Relationship Management A Strategy Of Tesco Marketing Essay Essays

Customer Relationship Management A Strategy Of Tesco Marketing Essay Essays Customer Relationship Management A Strategy Of Tesco Marketing Essay Essay Customer Relationship Management A Strategy Of Tesco Marketing Essay Essay All responsisbilty of bring forthing a high sale, effectual hereafter planning, execution of selling is lies onCRM.to use o all best available beginnings efficaciously in different section like selling and sale. CRM, s chief intents are as follows: , To identifiy loyal clients, acquiring good sale, effectual hereafter planning. To supply emplyees with the update information, what they need to cognize is their client, s desires and physiques reationsip between the company and its clients. To creat single relationship with clients in order to carry through clients satisfaction indivisualy. There are many potantail benefits of CRM specialy should be foucused on bing clients and interaction of new client as good. Identifying demands more efficaciously by understanding client requirments. Cross-selling of different merchandises by proposing alternate or sweetening. Creat the information of profitable or non-profitable clients, so efficaciously can interact those clients. All above mentioned information will finally culd lead to: Achiving client satisfaction and rentention. Guaranting that your good will in the market will go on to turn. Increasing value from bing client and overall efficiency to cut down cost of sale. Foucsing on most profitable clients and put a scheme for the unprofitable in moreeffective manner. Scheme and Practice ( 1998 ) , Jean Woodall, Diana Winstanley, Published Blackwell Business 7. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: To obtain the perfect information we have to utilize all information and information consistently. We have to roll up the informations, assesing the information and the most of import critically analyaising the information because of the nature of the subject and research ( client relationship direction of Tesco ) .We will different techniques. Exploratory research Explanatory research Descriptive research 7.1. Exploratory Research: Exploratory research method will be used to focal points on following intent: Define job exactly. To make hypothesis. To set up precedences for polishing research. To acquire insight attack for work outing job. How and what method would be used for explorative research? Expertnesss studies Critical analysis of secondary informations. Qualitative research. 7.2. Explanatory Research: Explanatory research will be based on causes and grounds. This survey made relationship between variables. 7.3. DESCRPTIVE RESEARCH: Descriptive survey is a sort of refined survey of exploratory survey. This survey will do a clear and exact profile of any state of affairs and event. Whole state of affairs would be described through assorted sort of research and informations aggregation. 8. RESEARCH TECNIQUES: The techniques which we have adopt are as followed, indivual interviews, survays, material collectd from different beginnings for illustration, face to face groups, cyberspace, online survays, postal, and telephone. All observation techniques are normally included in it, normally when we carry oning field analysis. ( Jankowicz 2005 p 221-222 ) 9. STATEMENT OF RESEARCH DESIGN: Here is described that how we could acquire the right research on the research proposal subject. It is really of import to acquire the elaborate cognition and critical positions of the expertness and academic literature shall be studied. It is essetional to acquire the clear image tesco client relationship direction scheme. Through on-line beginnings, books diaries, and academic literature we can achive clear cognition of all facet of client relationship direction scheme. All academic surveies shall be done in this research will be based on exploratory survey to acquire the better apprehension of every facet of the research. 10.DATA Collection: There are two sorts of informations aggregation one is qualitative and the other is quantitative. In our research proposal we are utilizing both methods to roll up the right informations. 10.1. Qualitative Method: Qualitative research is besides based on premise. The international market can be investigate by utilizing scientific methods.we will utilize the scientific method for carry oning the research. we will travel for unfastened interviews or questionnaire will inquire general people to show their experience freely.We may name it roll uping informations qualitatively or systamatically, hte procedure through wich the information will be collected is mentionaed as under. 10.1.1. INTERVIEWING: Roll uping informations by utilizing qualitative informations chiefly we do interview people.Where they may be allowed to show their thoughts to better client services and personal experience. We shall dicusse some sensitive issues and about the subject ( client relationaship direction ) specialy. ( Smith2004p86-87 ) 10.2. Quantitative Method: The quantitative paradigm is based optimisum side of world that could be based on cosmopolitan Torahs. We use this information to prove the hypotheses and mensurating societal universe. Quantitative informations can be quantified in the footings of quantity.It involves in merurment of measure or amount.We will utilize qualitative informations collecetion method it may include on-line survays, unfastened interviews, telephonic interviews and questionnaire. 11. DATA ANAYLSIS ; There are many different theories to analaysis the informations but we will utilize Strauss Corbin ( 1998 ) . This method of informations analyising will enable to develop the construct and expressed positions to the decision. This type of informations analyizing is less formal and systematic. ( Saunders Lewis and thornhill 2003 ) As this research is based on both qualitative and quantitative informations so all informations obtained through different methods will be analysised carefully and this information will assist to construct diferent stratiges of client relationship direction. This critical analysis will besides assist to keep the public presentation of client mangment in Tesco. Time Scale Activity Feb 2009 Mar 2009 Apr 2009 Weeks get downing W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 W1 W2 W3 W4 Choice of Topic Company Background Literature reappraisal Research design Research Methodology Data aggregation on L/R interviews Questionnaires Analysis of Consequences Decision Recommendations Reappraisal on concluding bill of exchange Submission REFERENCING: 1. ( Porter.M, 1980, competitory scheme, the free imperativeness.New York ) 2. ( Beginning: tescopreliminary result2004 ) 3. krajewski, Lee.et al2007, Operations Management 8th edition, Pearson instruction 4. sunders Mark et al 2007, Research Methods For Business Student 4th Edition foot Prentice Hall 5. Managment Development Straegy and Practice, 1998, Jean Woodhall Diana Wintanley, Published Blackwell Business.

The Best AP Environmental Science Notes to Study With

The Best AP Environmental Science Notes to Study With SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips It can be a challenge tostudy for any AP test, AP Environmental Science included. Because this class covers so many different areas, including science, law, and current events, it can be toughto keep your notes straight.Whether you’re missing some notes or you want them organized more clearly, this guide is for you. I’ve put together a list of links to AP Environmental Science notes and vocabulary that you can easily browse through to supplement your studying.I’ll also go over how to use these notes and end with tips to help make your studying more effective. How to Use These AP Environmental Science Notes The notes can be used for targeting studying throughout the course as well as your end of the year review for the AP exam.The notes don’t cover every topic on the AP Environmental Science Exam (particularly the Global Change section), so don’t rely on them exclusively for your studying.Supplement these notes with your notes from class, your textbook, and any review books you purchase. Using these notes gives you an organized way to sort through the material covered by the AP Environmental Science exam, and the vocabulary links can help you easily learn how well you know different terms and concepts commonly tested on the exam. While studying for the AP exam, you should also be regularly taking practice tests.Passive studying isn’t enough to earn a high score on the AP test; you want to make sure you’re actively engaging with the material and regularly checking your progress.We have an entireguide on practice test materialsthat you can use to choose the practice quiz or test you want to take. Early on in the year, you can use these notes in conjunction with practice tests by studying a certain topic or topics, then taking a practice quiz on that same topic to see how well you understood and retained the information from the notes. Later in the year, after taking complete practice tests, you can review the questions you missed to see which topics are your weakest, then find those topics in these notes and prioritize them in your studying. The AP Environmental Science Notes The notes are organized by the seven major topics the course covers. Within each major topic are more specific areas of focus.The notes below come from CourseNotes and give detailed outlines on their topic of focus.There’s no images or fancy formatting to increase the visual appeal of the notes, but they do a good job of covering the topic in-depth and separating the outline into different groups so you can quickly see which areas are covered. The vocabulary links also come from CourseNotes. They are organized by chapter from the 13th edition of the Living in the Environment textbook which is why they are slightly out of order when sorted by the seven major topics, as they are below. The vocabulary notes give brief definitions for each of the major keywords you need to know for AP Environmental Science. 1. Earth Systems and Resources Notes Earth Science Concepts The Atmosphere Environmental Philosophies Vocabulary Chapter 1: Environmental Issues, Their Causes, and Sustainability Chapter 2: Environmental History, an Overview Chapter 10: Geology 2. The Living World Notes Energy Flow Ecosystem Diversity Biological Communities Biomes Vocabulary Chapter 3: Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy Chapter 4: Ecosystems Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity Chapter 6: Biogeography Chapter 7: Aquatic Ecology Chapter 8: Community Ecology 3. Population Notes Population Biology Concepts Human Population Vocabulary Chapter 9: Population Dynamics, Carrying Capacity, and Conservation Biology Chapter 12: The Human Population 4. Land and Water Use Notes Agriculture Water Global Economics Vocabulary Chapter 13: Food Resources Chapter 14: Water Resources Chapter 15: Geologic Resources 5. Energy Resources and Consumption Notes Conventional Energy Sustainable Cities and Personal Action Sustainable Energy Vocabulary Chapter 16: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy 6. Pollution Notes Pollution Types Air Pollution Water Pollution Impacts on the Environment and Human Health Vocabulary Chapter 11: Risk, Toxicology, and Human Health Chapter 17: Air and Air Pollution Chapter 19: Water Pollution Chapter 21: Solid and Hazardous Waste 7. Global Change Notes Pests Vocabulary Chapter 18: Climate Change and Ozone Loss Chapter 20: Pesticides and Pest Control Chapter 22: Sustaining Wild Species Chapter 23: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity AP Environmental Science Formulas These short guides (also fromCourseNotes) include many of the common formulas you’ll use and need to understand for AP Environmental Science. Acid Rain Air Pollution Control and Prevention Air Pollution Formulas Ozone Formation and Destruction Photochemical Smog The Carbon Cycle The Nitrogen Cycle Additional Notes These notes don’t fit into the seven major topics of the class, but they can also be useful for your studying. Major Environmental Laws The Environmental Laws notes also come from CourseNotes, and they give a brief overview of each of the most important environmental laws that have been passed in the United States. Complete Course Overview The Complete Course Overview is from Scribd, and it gives a summary of the entire AP Environmental Science course, organized by the seven major topics. It’s a lot of information to take in all at once, but if you’d like a document that touches on all the topics you need to know for the exam, this can be a very helpful resource. AP Environmental Science Study Strategies As I mentioned above, flipping passively through your notes isn’t enough to get a high score on the AP Environmental Science exam. Follow these study tips to help you get the most out of your review. Tip 1: Think About How Topics Are Related Knowing each topic in isolation won’t help you much on the AP Environmental Science exam. Even if you know every single fact about the water cycle, if you can’t explain how it relates to other earth processes, how it affects and is affected by humans, how it has been affected by climate change, and other connections, then you’ll miss a majority of questions on the exam. AP Environmental Science is a very interdisciplinary class, and one of the foundational themes of the class is that the Earth is an interconnected system.Many questions will ask you to make connections between multiple topics, so practice doing this when you’re reviewing your notes. If you’re studying the atmosphere, for example, think about how the atmosphere affects animal and plant life on earth, how it affects other earth cycles, how it affects human populations, what the causes and effects of air pollution are, how the atmosphere is influencing and being influenced by climate change, and the changes humans can make, related to the atmosphere, to increase sustainability. Tip 2: Don't Forget About Calculations On both the multiple-choice and free-response sections of the exam, you’ll be asked to complete calculations, and these will have to be done by hand since you aren’t allowed a calculator for any part of the test.These calculations aren’t overly difficult (they’re mostly solving equations), but if you’re rusty on solving math problems by hand, you’ll want to practice this skill. Struggling or taking a long time to solve these calculation questions can easily eat into your time for other questions and prevent you from finishing the test. In order to prevent that, make sure you practice data set free-response questions and multiple-choice questions that require calculations.Looking through the Science Formulas notes above will also help you become more familiar with the calculations you may be asked to do on the exam. Tip 3: Know Major Environmental Events AP Environmental Science isn’t strictly a science class; it also includes recent and current events as well as some law, among other topics.Unlike the other AP science courses, you can’t just know the scientific aspects of environmental science;you also need to know about major environmental events. Studying the notes on Major Environmental Laws will help, and also use your notes fromclass to review other non-law environmental events.It can also be very helpful to keep up on the news and knowwhat the current major environmental issues are. Conclusion Having a set of organized notes can help you manage your AP Environmental Science studying much more easily and quickly access notes on topics you want to review.These notes cover topics from each of the course’s seven major topics, as well as vocabulary, relevant formulas, and major environmental laws. When reviewing your notes, be sure to keep these three tips in mind: Think about how topics are related Don't forget about calculations Know major environmental events What's Next? Now that you have your AP Enviro notes, how should you use them in your review? Check out this guide to see a step-by-step review plan for AP Environmental Science. Want some more practice tests and quizzes to enhance your studying? You've got it! We have a ton ofpractice resources for you to use to study for the AP Enviro exam, and, in the guide, we tell you whateach resource is best for. How many AP classes should you take? Learn exactly how many AP classes you should enroll in based on your interests and college goals. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Diagnostic and Health Care Promotion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diagnostic and Health Care Promotion - Essay Example The marriage as a cultural aspect in the Ethiopian community respects the decision of the family in marrying off a teenager. After a potential groom opts to get married, they have to arrange so that families can and agree. This avenue provides a window through which to drive health promotion against teenage pregnancy. To begin with, the promotion plan should focus on sensitizing the local community member in the rural areas on the adverse effects of teenage marriages and teenage pregnancy. Such campaigns would influence the opinion of the families because they are the ones to endorse marriages. Emotions play a significant role in cognition to enable people understands a situation better. Marrying off teenagers against their wish is detrimental even if the justice system supports it. Another indirect strategy is a campaign of girl child education, which indirectly lowers chances of early marriages; hence teenage pregnancy (Noddings, 2005; Santelli, Lindberg, Finer, & Singh, 2007). Eng aging the rural communities for the benefit of educating the girl child will improve the school going girls’ population. When this number increases, the early marriages will be less appealing and as such, reduce teenage pregnancies. Teenage girls should have regular health care services and counseling to help them understand reproductive health. If the health promotion campaigns target this population, they will understand the benefits of delaying sexual intercourse with adults; hence, avoid pregnancy.

Week 4-Applied business research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week 4-Applied business research - Assignment Example (2) The graph includes only two data points yet wants to argue that this is a trend caused by stricter enforcement.  Chance or random  fluctuation is inherent in nearly every human phenomena.  Two successive observations of anything are likely to vary.  Two observations do not make a trend. (3) The graph lacks context both in terms of a longer series of observations for Connecticut traffic fatalities and in comparisons with other states that, during this period, did not crack down on speeding. (4) The graph doesn’t take population  size into account.  The more people, the more drivers, the more likely you’ll have traffic fatalities.  Increases in fatalities may be an artifact of increases in the number of drivers.  Decreases may be an artifact of population decline. Based on the output table below, what percentage of districts with the fewest experienced teachers can be found among school districts that score among the highest third of all districts on a measure of the percentage of their students who pass standardized tests? What two additional percentages in the table above would you report in an edited table to support an argument that districts with more experienced teachers tend to be the highest scoring districts on standardized

Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations

Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations L1. Be able to explore how communication skills are used in health and social care 1.1 Apply relevant theories of communication to health and social care contexts 1.2 Use communication skills in a health and social care context 1.3 Review methods of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals in health and social care settings 1.4 Analyse the use of strategies to support users of health and social care services with specific communication needs There is a multitude of theories that can be used in the communication of health and social care contexts. Gerald Egan developed a theory of communication using an acronym in order to build the Components of communication with others. This was outlined in his book called ‘The Skilled  Helper’. The acronym he developed is, S O L E R. SOLER is often utilized to guide health and social care workers when dealing with vulnerable individuals and also acts as an described technique for active listening. In the sort of nonverbal communication, Soler theory can be valuable when helping another individual as it can make the other party feel cared for, involved in what is going on and feel respected and read. Heavily used in counselling and other areas of Health and Social Care, the theory can also be read by anyone who cares to become a more serious listener. Tuckman’s theory of group formation is essential for health and social care as in most health and social care settings group work is used. This always seems to work and people communicate very well. According to his 5 group interaction stages, teams can get stronger, more productive and efficient. His stage s include Forming The initial stage of team development during which people have not yet gelled together. Everybody is busy discovering their spot in the team, sizing each other up, and asking themselves why they are here. Storming People start to view themselves as part of a squad. Many conflicts or confrontations among team members occur in this stage resulting in some loss of focal point. Norming – At this point, team members begin to arrive together, developing procedures, establishing ground rules, deciding who does what, and how things will be managed. This form is known by a sense of togetherness. Performing This is the last point where the increased focus on both the task, and on team relationships, combines to provide working together well. Public presentation is given up through people working effectively together. And characteristics of effective teamwork will help teams sustain performance. Communication has an essential role in any action that aims to improve health. It is difficult to imagine how a message could be delivered to promote healthy choices if we could not communicate. The communication process is a multi-dimensional transaction influenced by a variety of factors and as a transitional process and in a health context, it is an important part of health and social care contexts. Communication according to Minardi and Reily (1997) is an essential, instrumental and purposeful process. The communication transaction is one of sharing information using a set of common rules (Northouseand Northouse 1998). The basic representative model of communication is commonly conceived as a one-way flow process consisting of a sender, message and receiver. In accession to this, other variables such s understanding by that receiver and feedback to the communicator can also be included. These last two variables are important for health communication as they imply two-way communication, thus making a motion away from the traditional concept of one-way communication towards multi-style communication. Communication in health takes place on many stages, including individual, group, organization, community or mass-media. Communication in health can be defined in much the same way as communication has generally been defined: a transactional operation. The primary dispute in communicating health is that the focus is not a universal one, but one specific to health data. Kreps (2003) summarizes the increase of ‘health’ to the definition of communication as a ‘resource’ that allows health messages (for example prevention, risk or awareness) to be applied in the education and avoidance of ill health. This broad definition incorporates the fact that health communication can take place at many levels and embodies a holistic access to health promotion. In order to deal with inapporiate communications, a successful two-way communication process depends on carefully conveying the message so that the listener understands exactly what we mean as non-verbal behavior may carry more meaning than words.Wen it comes for Speaking, clarifying the meaning with body language, facial expressions and voice to support the words is essential. Litening makes the communication process easier, attention should be given to the speaker, ad letting them finish before respond.The communication channels used is crucial in avoiding inapporiate communications, Face-to-face communication offers the best chance of full understanding, but the written word provides a more permanent record. A phone conversation restricts the effectiveness of body language, but notice tone of voice and speed of delivery, allows to pick up anger or annoyance.Pictures or symbols can be used to clarify communication, especially if either the listener or speaker has a specific commun ication difficulty and expressing emotion or explaining complex issues should be avoided. In order to cater to people with specific communication needs, this can be divided into 2 sections such as assistive technology and human assistance. Within technology softwares and support devices can be used to support people.This can include voice activated softwares, text phones, loop systems and hearing aids.When it comes for human assistance, advocates, translators, interpreters depending on the requirements can be used for communication purposes and to reduce communication barriers I health and social care sectors. L2.Understand how various factors influence the communication process in health and social care 2.1 Explain how the communication process is influenced by values and cultural factors 2.2 Explain how legislation, charters and codes of practice impact on the communication process in health and social care 2.3 Analyse the effectiveness of organisational systems and policies in promoting good practice in communication 2.4 Suggest ways of improving the communication process in a health and social care setting Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its members take for granted. Few of us are mindful of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting begins at a very early age. And while some of a cultures knowledge, principles, opinions, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the info is absorbed subconsciously. Within Health and Social care context, intercultural communication is a field of study of importance because of increased globalization and also because of growing workforce who are different ethnically and culturally. Cultures provide people with ways of rememberingways of experiencing, listening, and interpreting the world. Hence the same speech can imply different things to people from different cultures, even when they utter the same speech communication. When the languages are different, and the translation has to be practiced to communicate, the potential for mistakes increases. Stella Ting-Toomey describes thr ee ways in which culture interferes with effective cross-cultural understanding. First is what she calls cognitive constraints. These are the frames of reference or world views that offer a backdrop that all fresh data is comparable to or introduced into. Second are behavior constraints. Each culture has its own regulations about proper behavior which affect verbal and gestural communication. Whether one sees the other individual in the eye-or not; whether one reads what one means overtly or talks around the subject; how close the people stand to each other when they are talkingall of these and many more are rules of politeness which differ from culture to culture. Ting-Toomeys third factor is emotional constraints. Different cultures regulate the showing of emotion differently. Some cultures get very excited when they are deliberating an issue. They cry, they scream, they demonstrate their anger, awe, frustration, and other feelings openly. Other cultures try to hold their emotions hidden, exhibiting or sharing only the rational or factual aspects of the situation. All of these conflicts tend to lead to communication problems. If the masses involved are not cognizant of the potential for such problems, they are even more likely to fall victim to them, although it needs more than awareness to defeat these problems and communicate effectively across cultures. Legislation exists to protect the rights of individuals and promote equality of opportunity for all. As a career, being aware of my rights and those of the people I would care for can help both of us get fair access to things that most people take for granted. This could be public transport, paid employment and health services. In order to prevent discrimination or harassment because of their age, disability or caring role, or for other reasons such as race, sex or sexual orientation the Equality Act was introduced in 2010, strengthens the law in certain situations, including increased protection for disabled people, and new measures protecting the careers of elderly or disabled people. The Data Protection Act 1998 establishes a framework of rights and obligations which are planned to safeguard personal information. This framework balances the legitimate needs of organizations to accumulate and utilize personal data for business and other purposes against the right of individuals to respect for the secrecy of their personal details. The legislation itself is supported by a circle of eight principles, which induce to be complied with. The exemptions either allow for the disclosure of information where there would otherwise be a breach of the Act or allow information to be withheld that would otherwise need to be exposed. Apart from these legislations, Charters such as CQC, Voices into Action, Department of Health Information Charter provide many important knowledge and information in a variety of topics such as public health, social care, national health services in order to communicate to the mass public where information can be passed on a large scale. Codes of practise such as Health and Care Professions Council Standards of Proficiency for Social Workers would ensure that right actions has been taken in order to protect and comply with registration requirements. So, health and adult social care registered providers will have to show that they meet the regulation of different codes to minimise spreading of diseases or infections. When it comes for communications, processes and procedures as of utmost importance for the clear flow of communication among internal as well as external parties involved.In a health and social care context, according to the staff role, responsibilities should be divided and each one shoul take accountability for their own actions.And data protection is essential to protect the confidentiality f the client and this are further strengthened by acts such as the data protection act.According to job role, working instructions should be given to the workers.Policies such as equal opportunites would be needed to help health and social care workers to develop and advance in career while other policies such as safeguarding, anti-bullying would safe guard employees against discrimination and protect them from health and safety issues. In order to improve, there should be reflective practice among all individuals working within the health and social care environment.Special attention should be given towards looking after patients where if client-centred care is developed, this would bring in growth to business.Oranizations should also consider staff development where rewarding and remuneration, career development and staff recognition programmes can increase motivation and lead to more productivity and efficiency of care workers.Collaborative working enviornments should be created where skills and knowledge can be exchanged and information passed out for mass public.And compliance with legislation and policies would improve quality of the services provided while protecting both sides such as the workers and their clients. L3.Be able to explore the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in health and social care 3.1 Access and use standard ICT software packages to support work in health and social care 3.2 Analyse the benefits of using ICT in health and social care for users of services, care workers and care organisations. 3.3 Analyse how legal considerations in the use of ICT impact on health and social care. ICTs can be defined as tools that facilitate communication and the processing and transmission of information and the sharing of knowledge by electronic means. This encompasses the full range of electronic digital and analog ICTs, from radio and television to telephones (fixed and mobile), computers, electronic-based media such as digital text and audio-video recording, and the Internet, but excludes the non ¬electronic technologies.In recent years, health and social work practice has adapted to include new forms of recording and monitoring – including the use of information and communication technologies (ICT’s) and the usage of different softwares in order to increase productivity and efficiency of the workers.Softwares such as MS office is used in creating Powerpoint presentations that will be used in teaching as well as managerial backgrounds, word processing softwares in drafting legal documents, and excel in maintaining customer and client data bases. When considering how these ICT packages are used in a health and social care context,they are used in a variety of ways. In, Medical, health, and healthcare informatics, these are used as skills and tools which enable information to be collected, managed, used and shared to support the delivery of healthcare and to promote health (NHS, 2006). On E-health, the utilization of emerging information and communication technology and software packages, especially the Internet, to improve or enable health and healthcare (Eng, 2001). This has bridged both the clinical and non-clinical sectors and includes equally individual and population health-oriented creatures. And finally the health system where these are used in all activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes, but is not limited to, the preventive, curative and palliative health services provided by the health care system (WHO, 2000). ICTs have clearly made an impact on health care. They have Improved dissemination of public health information and facilitated public discourse and dialogue around major public health threats while enabling remote consultation, diagnosis and treatment through telemedicine. Facilitated collaboration and cooperation among health workers, including sharing of learning and training approaches are supporting more effective health research and the dissemination and access to research findings which have strengthened the ability to monitor the incidence of public health threats and respond in a more timely and effective manner while also improving the efficiency of administrative systems in health care facilities. A wide range of stakeholders within the health and social care industry are benefited, in the developing world are potential beneficiaries of ICTs. They are from a top level to a grass root level giving out services to the public .They include International agencies (WHO, UNAIDS), International NGOs, Government ministries, Provincial hospitals and health departments, health workers, doctors, community leaders, patients and citizens. According to WHO, the use of ICTs in health is not merely about technology (Dzenowagis, 2005), but a means to reach a series of desired outcomes, such as health workers making better treatment decisions and hospitals providing higher quality and safer care. People now can make informed choices about their own health and due to this government also becoming more responsive to health needs where national and local information systems supporting the development of effective, efficient and equitable health systems help policy makers and the public awareness of health risks. And this has made people have the information and knowledge they need for better health. But when considering how legal legislations are impacting the usage of ICT. I belive they do more good than harm . With so many people using computers today, and with many of the computers connected to the internet, many users worry that others will misuse their computers and, e.g. steal their data to commit fraud. The Data Protection Act aims to protect the rights of the owners of the data. It does not actually protect the data. The Act sets out rules on how the data should be stored and used and provides a means for the owners of the data to complain and sometimes to claim compensation if their data is misused.This gives privacy for people involved in health and social care sector as patient information, client information can be protected from going nto wrong hands. Almost everyone, not just all employees and employers, have a duty under the Health and Safety at Work Acts to work and behave safely; also the Act makes it illegal to act recklessly or intentionally act in such a way as to endanger yourself or others. Employees must take reasonable care for their  own and others safety and cooperate with their employers in doing so.Ass unless proper precautions are taken place, injuries can occour which can have huge impacts. Injuries such as Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) are common and are caused by the repetitive clicking of the buttons of a mouse or a keyboard and shows itself as pain in the arms. It is not certain that RSI or CTS are actually caused by repetitive actions when using computers, but these actions do seem to make the conditions worse. Aside from this Headaches are frequently induced by troubles with vision, Neck or back pain may be linked with incorrect postures or Eyestrain or sore eyes may be induced by using computers for long periods. But not only these, using computers can also have physical harm if we are not sensible and under the statute laws of health and social care, cautions are taken place in creating awareness ad reducing these kind of situations among employees, patients and other involved parties an thanks t proper legislations this is a success.

Freudian approaches to Tennessee Williams’ Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay

I will discuss how Freudian theory ties in with the issues featuring in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis came up with a theory of the unconscious mind, he identified that sexual desires are the primary motivational energy of human life. William shows this in play by Margaret’s sexual desires for Brick keeps her energy up and gets her to keep trying to get Brick’s affection. Big Daddy and Big Mama have fears and anxieties about Margaret and Bricks lack of children, and so does Margaret herself because she wants a share of the plantation. However this does not worry Mae and Gooper who are more than happy that they are prime candidates to become the owner of the plantation, Mae especially enjoy sneer at the fact that Margaret is childless â€Å"Mae: she’s childless because that big beautiful athlete of hers won’t go to bed with her† (97). The family especially Big Daddy and Maggie have doubts about Brick’s sexuality and try to confront him about it. Brick: â€Å"You think that me and Skipper were a pair of dirty old men?† (pg 77). Symbolism definitely shown in ‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof’, Bricks crutch can symbolise that he needs support, â€Å"Brick: no just give me my crutch† (27). The crutch can be seen as symbol that Brick is weak without skipper hence needs support. But it can also represent the fact that Brick has lost his masculinity ‘Brick: I’m getting softer Maggie’ (pg 31) and the crutch is his masculinity hence why he cannot go anywhere without it. The alcohol symbolises that Brick is trying to escape reality by making himself unconscious or in his words the ‘click’ which he says to be when he is peaceful with himself. However the excessive drinking by Brick can also mean that Brick cannot cope without Skipper. Repression of homosexuality in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ties in with Sigmund Freud ideology, as Brick represses his feeling towards Skipper Brick: â€Å"I had friendship with Skipper – you are naming it dirty!† (pg 42).Repression is a defence mechanism and there are two stages, firstly the desires are pushed out from conscious into unconscious but this does not work for Brick as his feeling still surface. So the second line of defence is started this is where Brick is at in the book. Williams shows Brick as being reluctant to come out about his sexuality because he is brought up in an upper class family. One type of second line defence is overcompensation which is when a weakness is covered up by overcompensating on something else, in Bricks case is excessive sport. Then comes projection which is when you blame someone else; Brick blames â€Å"Maggie(79)† because she got â€Å"the idea (79)† that Brick and Skipper relationship was abnormal and that one reason why Skipper committed suicide. Then comes denial when protecting you from unpleasant reality which is seen in Brick as he tries to deny the truth when Big Daddy talks about it. Brick â€Å"YOU THINK SO TOO? You think me an skipper did sodomy†(77). Brick tries to justify it was Maggie who put dirty things into Skipper minding doubting himself about his sexuality, Brick trying to repress any arguments down to Margaret being jealous. Brick comes from an upper-class family who are highly respected from other people. The time when the story was set (1955) was a time when homosexuals were looked down upon and brought shame to their family. Brick is from a rich family, so he hides his sexuality so not to embarrass himself or his family, and marries Maggie to show that he is a man and tries to show his masculinity by being an athlete. Death features massively in the play, especially for Big Daddy who has cancer yet has been lied to by the family saying that he has a spastic colon. Big Daddy is also in denial because he himself knows everything is not alright because of the pain yet is putting a front on. Big Daddy and Big Mama have been told that he does not have cancer when he does and the only people that know are Mae and Gooper and Brick and Maggie. Big Mama is told her husband still has cancer later, but she says â€Å"it’s all a mistake† (93). Skipper is dead which makes Brick angry and blames his wife for the death. Margaret say is begging for Brick attention when she says â€Å"Skipper is dead! I am alive!†, but Brick does not want to believe that Skipper is dead â€Å"I tried to kill your Aunt Maggie, but I failed.† Brick definitely does not love Maggie and is shown in different way for example[She kisses Brick on the mouth which he immediately wipes with the back of his hand, (55pg).Bricks sexual desire keep surfacing no matter how much he is trying to suppress, so he tries to get his manhood back by jumping hurdles at the school athletic field but ends up fracturing his ankle. It shows that Brick is weak and helpless without Skipper. But also can be also interpreted to show Freud theory of sexual desires becomes energy for human life. Freud theory can relate to Cat on a Hot Tin Roof because unconscious and sexual desire relate to the character Brick who is trying to suppress his abnormal feeling from conscious to unconscious. In addition there is fear of death by Big Daddy and there are sexual desires.