Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations

Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations Communicating in Health and Social Care Organisations L1. Be able to explore how communication skills are used in health and social care 1.1 Apply relevant theories of communication to health and social care contexts 1.2 Use communication skills in a health and social care context 1.3 Review methods of dealing with inappropriate interpersonal communication between individuals in health and social care settings 1.4 Analyse the use of strategies to support users of health and social care services with specific communication needs There is a multitude of theories that can be used in the communication of health and social care contexts. Gerald Egan developed a theory of communication using an acronym in order to build the Components of communication with others. This was outlined in his book called ‘The Skilled  Helper’. The acronym he developed is, S O L E R. SOLER is often utilized to guide health and social care workers when dealing with vulnerable individuals and also acts as an described technique for active listening. In the sort of nonverbal communication, Soler theory can be valuable when helping another individual as it can make the other party feel cared for, involved in what is going on and feel respected and read. Heavily used in counselling and other areas of Health and Social Care, the theory can also be read by anyone who cares to become a more serious listener. Tuckman’s theory of group formation is essential for health and social care as in most health and social care settings group work is used. This always seems to work and people communicate very well. According to his 5 group interaction stages, teams can get stronger, more productive and efficient. His stage s include Forming The initial stage of team development during which people have not yet gelled together. Everybody is busy discovering their spot in the team, sizing each other up, and asking themselves why they are here. Storming People start to view themselves as part of a squad. Many conflicts or confrontations among team members occur in this stage resulting in some loss of focal point. Norming – At this point, team members begin to arrive together, developing procedures, establishing ground rules, deciding who does what, and how things will be managed. This form is known by a sense of togetherness. Performing This is the last point where the increased focus on both the task, and on team relationships, combines to provide working together well. Public presentation is given up through people working effectively together. And characteristics of effective teamwork will help teams sustain performance. Communication has an essential role in any action that aims to improve health. It is difficult to imagine how a message could be delivered to promote healthy choices if we could not communicate. The communication process is a multi-dimensional transaction influenced by a variety of factors and as a transitional process and in a health context, it is an important part of health and social care contexts. Communication according to Minardi and Reily (1997) is an essential, instrumental and purposeful process. The communication transaction is one of sharing information using a set of common rules (Northouseand Northouse 1998). The basic representative model of communication is commonly conceived as a one-way flow process consisting of a sender, message and receiver. In accession to this, other variables such s understanding by that receiver and feedback to the communicator can also be included. These last two variables are important for health communication as they imply two-way communication, thus making a motion away from the traditional concept of one-way communication towards multi-style communication. Communication in health takes place on many stages, including individual, group, organization, community or mass-media. Communication in health can be defined in much the same way as communication has generally been defined: a transactional operation. The primary dispute in communicating health is that the focus is not a universal one, but one specific to health data. Kreps (2003) summarizes the increase of ‘health’ to the definition of communication as a ‘resource’ that allows health messages (for example prevention, risk or awareness) to be applied in the education and avoidance of ill health. This broad definition incorporates the fact that health communication can take place at many levels and embodies a holistic access to health promotion. In order to deal with inapporiate communications, a successful two-way communication process depends on carefully conveying the message so that the listener understands exactly what we mean as non-verbal behavior may carry more meaning than words.Wen it comes for Speaking, clarifying the meaning with body language, facial expressions and voice to support the words is essential. Litening makes the communication process easier, attention should be given to the speaker, ad letting them finish before respond.The communication channels used is crucial in avoiding inapporiate communications, Face-to-face communication offers the best chance of full understanding, but the written word provides a more permanent record. A phone conversation restricts the effectiveness of body language, but notice tone of voice and speed of delivery, allows to pick up anger or annoyance.Pictures or symbols can be used to clarify communication, especially if either the listener or speaker has a specific commun ication difficulty and expressing emotion or explaining complex issues should be avoided. In order to cater to people with specific communication needs, this can be divided into 2 sections such as assistive technology and human assistance. Within technology softwares and support devices can be used to support people.This can include voice activated softwares, text phones, loop systems and hearing aids.When it comes for human assistance, advocates, translators, interpreters depending on the requirements can be used for communication purposes and to reduce communication barriers I health and social care sectors. L2.Understand how various factors influence the communication process in health and social care 2.1 Explain how the communication process is influenced by values and cultural factors 2.2 Explain how legislation, charters and codes of practice impact on the communication process in health and social care 2.3 Analyse the effectiveness of organisational systems and policies in promoting good practice in communication 2.4 Suggest ways of improving the communication process in a health and social care setting Communicating across cultures is challenging. Each culture has set rules that its members take for granted. Few of us are mindful of our own cultural biases because cultural imprinting begins at a very early age. And while some of a cultures knowledge, principles, opinions, values, phobias, and anxieties are taught explicitly, most of the info is absorbed subconsciously. Within Health and Social care context, intercultural communication is a field of study of importance because of increased globalization and also because of growing workforce who are different ethnically and culturally. Cultures provide people with ways of rememberingways of experiencing, listening, and interpreting the world. Hence the same speech can imply different things to people from different cultures, even when they utter the same speech communication. When the languages are different, and the translation has to be practiced to communicate, the potential for mistakes increases. Stella Ting-Toomey describes thr ee ways in which culture interferes with effective cross-cultural understanding. First is what she calls cognitive constraints. These are the frames of reference or world views that offer a backdrop that all fresh data is comparable to or introduced into. Second are behavior constraints. Each culture has its own regulations about proper behavior which affect verbal and gestural communication. Whether one sees the other individual in the eye-or not; whether one reads what one means overtly or talks around the subject; how close the people stand to each other when they are talkingall of these and many more are rules of politeness which differ from culture to culture. Ting-Toomeys third factor is emotional constraints. Different cultures regulate the showing of emotion differently. Some cultures get very excited when they are deliberating an issue. They cry, they scream, they demonstrate their anger, awe, frustration, and other feelings openly. Other cultures try to hold their emotions hidden, exhibiting or sharing only the rational or factual aspects of the situation. All of these conflicts tend to lead to communication problems. If the masses involved are not cognizant of the potential for such problems, they are even more likely to fall victim to them, although it needs more than awareness to defeat these problems and communicate effectively across cultures. Legislation exists to protect the rights of individuals and promote equality of opportunity for all. As a career, being aware of my rights and those of the people I would care for can help both of us get fair access to things that most people take for granted. This could be public transport, paid employment and health services. In order to prevent discrimination or harassment because of their age, disability or caring role, or for other reasons such as race, sex or sexual orientation the Equality Act was introduced in 2010, strengthens the law in certain situations, including increased protection for disabled people, and new measures protecting the careers of elderly or disabled people. The Data Protection Act 1998 establishes a framework of rights and obligations which are planned to safeguard personal information. This framework balances the legitimate needs of organizations to accumulate and utilize personal data for business and other purposes against the right of individuals to respect for the secrecy of their personal details. The legislation itself is supported by a circle of eight principles, which induce to be complied with. The exemptions either allow for the disclosure of information where there would otherwise be a breach of the Act or allow information to be withheld that would otherwise need to be exposed. Apart from these legislations, Charters such as CQC, Voices into Action, Department of Health Information Charter provide many important knowledge and information in a variety of topics such as public health, social care, national health services in order to communicate to the mass public where information can be passed on a large scale. Codes of practise such as Health and Care Professions Council Standards of Proficiency for Social Workers would ensure that right actions has been taken in order to protect and comply with registration requirements. So, health and adult social care registered providers will have to show that they meet the regulation of different codes to minimise spreading of diseases or infections. When it comes for communications, processes and procedures as of utmost importance for the clear flow of communication among internal as well as external parties involved.In a health and social care context, according to the staff role, responsibilities should be divided and each one shoul take accountability for their own actions.And data protection is essential to protect the confidentiality f the client and this are further strengthened by acts such as the data protection act.According to job role, working instructions should be given to the workers.Policies such as equal opportunites would be needed to help health and social care workers to develop and advance in career while other policies such as safeguarding, anti-bullying would safe guard employees against discrimination and protect them from health and safety issues. In order to improve, there should be reflective practice among all individuals working within the health and social care environment.Special attention should be given towards looking after patients where if client-centred care is developed, this would bring in growth to business.Oranizations should also consider staff development where rewarding and remuneration, career development and staff recognition programmes can increase motivation and lead to more productivity and efficiency of care workers.Collaborative working enviornments should be created where skills and knowledge can be exchanged and information passed out for mass public.And compliance with legislation and policies would improve quality of the services provided while protecting both sides such as the workers and their clients. L3.Be able to explore the use of information and communication technology (ICT) in health and social care 3.1 Access and use standard ICT software packages to support work in health and social care 3.2 Analyse the benefits of using ICT in health and social care for users of services, care workers and care organisations. 3.3 Analyse how legal considerations in the use of ICT impact on health and social care. ICTs can be defined as tools that facilitate communication and the processing and transmission of information and the sharing of knowledge by electronic means. This encompasses the full range of electronic digital and analog ICTs, from radio and television to telephones (fixed and mobile), computers, electronic-based media such as digital text and audio-video recording, and the Internet, but excludes the non ¬electronic technologies.In recent years, health and social work practice has adapted to include new forms of recording and monitoring – including the use of information and communication technologies (ICT’s) and the usage of different softwares in order to increase productivity and efficiency of the workers.Softwares such as MS office is used in creating Powerpoint presentations that will be used in teaching as well as managerial backgrounds, word processing softwares in drafting legal documents, and excel in maintaining customer and client data bases. When considering how these ICT packages are used in a health and social care context,they are used in a variety of ways. In, Medical, health, and healthcare informatics, these are used as skills and tools which enable information to be collected, managed, used and shared to support the delivery of healthcare and to promote health (NHS, 2006). On E-health, the utilization of emerging information and communication technology and software packages, especially the Internet, to improve or enable health and healthcare (Eng, 2001). This has bridged both the clinical and non-clinical sectors and includes equally individual and population health-oriented creatures. And finally the health system where these are used in all activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health. This includes, but is not limited to, the preventive, curative and palliative health services provided by the health care system (WHO, 2000). ICTs have clearly made an impact on health care. They have Improved dissemination of public health information and facilitated public discourse and dialogue around major public health threats while enabling remote consultation, diagnosis and treatment through telemedicine. Facilitated collaboration and cooperation among health workers, including sharing of learning and training approaches are supporting more effective health research and the dissemination and access to research findings which have strengthened the ability to monitor the incidence of public health threats and respond in a more timely and effective manner while also improving the efficiency of administrative systems in health care facilities. A wide range of stakeholders within the health and social care industry are benefited, in the developing world are potential beneficiaries of ICTs. They are from a top level to a grass root level giving out services to the public .They include International agencies (WHO, UNAIDS), International NGOs, Government ministries, Provincial hospitals and health departments, health workers, doctors, community leaders, patients and citizens. According to WHO, the use of ICTs in health is not merely about technology (Dzenowagis, 2005), but a means to reach a series of desired outcomes, such as health workers making better treatment decisions and hospitals providing higher quality and safer care. People now can make informed choices about their own health and due to this government also becoming more responsive to health needs where national and local information systems supporting the development of effective, efficient and equitable health systems help policy makers and the public awareness of health risks. And this has made people have the information and knowledge they need for better health. But when considering how legal legislations are impacting the usage of ICT. I belive they do more good than harm . With so many people using computers today, and with many of the computers connected to the internet, many users worry that others will misuse their computers and, e.g. steal their data to commit fraud. The Data Protection Act aims to protect the rights of the owners of the data. It does not actually protect the data. The Act sets out rules on how the data should be stored and used and provides a means for the owners of the data to complain and sometimes to claim compensation if their data is misused.This gives privacy for people involved in health and social care sector as patient information, client information can be protected from going nto wrong hands. Almost everyone, not just all employees and employers, have a duty under the Health and Safety at Work Acts to work and behave safely; also the Act makes it illegal to act recklessly or intentionally act in such a way as to endanger yourself or others. Employees must take reasonable care for their  own and others safety and cooperate with their employers in doing so.Ass unless proper precautions are taken place, injuries can occour which can have huge impacts. Injuries such as Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI) are common and are caused by the repetitive clicking of the buttons of a mouse or a keyboard and shows itself as pain in the arms. It is not certain that RSI or CTS are actually caused by repetitive actions when using computers, but these actions do seem to make the conditions worse. Aside from this Headaches are frequently induced by troubles with vision, Neck or back pain may be linked with incorrect postures or Eyestrain or sore eyes may be induced by using computers for long periods. But not only these, using computers can also have physical harm if we are not sensible and under the statute laws of health and social care, cautions are taken place in creating awareness ad reducing these kind of situations among employees, patients and other involved parties an thanks t proper legislations this is a success.

Freudian approaches to Tennessee Williams’ Cat on a Hot Tin Roof Essay

I will discuss how Freudian theory ties in with the issues featuring in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Sigmund Freud the founder of psychoanalysis came up with a theory of the unconscious mind, he identified that sexual desires are the primary motivational energy of human life. William shows this in play by Margaret’s sexual desires for Brick keeps her energy up and gets her to keep trying to get Brick’s affection. Big Daddy and Big Mama have fears and anxieties about Margaret and Bricks lack of children, and so does Margaret herself because she wants a share of the plantation. However this does not worry Mae and Gooper who are more than happy that they are prime candidates to become the owner of the plantation, Mae especially enjoy sneer at the fact that Margaret is childless â€Å"Mae: she’s childless because that big beautiful athlete of hers won’t go to bed with her† (97). The family especially Big Daddy and Maggie have doubts about Brick’s sexuality and try to confront him about it. Brick: â€Å"You think that me and Skipper were a pair of dirty old men?† (pg 77). Symbolism definitely shown in ‘Cat on a Hot Tin Roof’, Bricks crutch can symbolise that he needs support, â€Å"Brick: no just give me my crutch† (27). The crutch can be seen as symbol that Brick is weak without skipper hence needs support. But it can also represent the fact that Brick has lost his masculinity ‘Brick: I’m getting softer Maggie’ (pg 31) and the crutch is his masculinity hence why he cannot go anywhere without it. The alcohol symbolises that Brick is trying to escape reality by making himself unconscious or in his words the ‘click’ which he says to be when he is peaceful with himself. However the excessive drinking by Brick can also mean that Brick cannot cope without Skipper. Repression of homosexuality in Cat on a Hot Tin Roof ties in with Sigmund Freud ideology, as Brick represses his feeling towards Skipper Brick: â€Å"I had friendship with Skipper – you are naming it dirty!† (pg 42).Repression is a defence mechanism and there are two stages, firstly the desires are pushed out from conscious into unconscious but this does not work for Brick as his feeling still surface. So the second line of defence is started this is where Brick is at in the book. Williams shows Brick as being reluctant to come out about his sexuality because he is brought up in an upper class family. One type of second line defence is overcompensation which is when a weakness is covered up by overcompensating on something else, in Bricks case is excessive sport. Then comes projection which is when you blame someone else; Brick blames â€Å"Maggie(79)† because she got â€Å"the idea (79)† that Brick and Skipper relationship was abnormal and that one reason why Skipper committed suicide. Then comes denial when protecting you from unpleasant reality which is seen in Brick as he tries to deny the truth when Big Daddy talks about it. Brick â€Å"YOU THINK SO TOO? You think me an skipper did sodomy†(77). Brick tries to justify it was Maggie who put dirty things into Skipper minding doubting himself about his sexuality, Brick trying to repress any arguments down to Margaret being jealous. Brick comes from an upper-class family who are highly respected from other people. The time when the story was set (1955) was a time when homosexuals were looked down upon and brought shame to their family. Brick is from a rich family, so he hides his sexuality so not to embarrass himself or his family, and marries Maggie to show that he is a man and tries to show his masculinity by being an athlete. Death features massively in the play, especially for Big Daddy who has cancer yet has been lied to by the family saying that he has a spastic colon. Big Daddy is also in denial because he himself knows everything is not alright because of the pain yet is putting a front on. Big Daddy and Big Mama have been told that he does not have cancer when he does and the only people that know are Mae and Gooper and Brick and Maggie. Big Mama is told her husband still has cancer later, but she says â€Å"it’s all a mistake† (93). Skipper is dead which makes Brick angry and blames his wife for the death. Margaret say is begging for Brick attention when she says â€Å"Skipper is dead! I am alive!†, but Brick does not want to believe that Skipper is dead â€Å"I tried to kill your Aunt Maggie, but I failed.† Brick definitely does not love Maggie and is shown in different way for example[She kisses Brick on the mouth which he immediately wipes with the back of his hand, (55pg).Bricks sexual desire keep surfacing no matter how much he is trying to suppress, so he tries to get his manhood back by jumping hurdles at the school athletic field but ends up fracturing his ankle. It shows that Brick is weak and helpless without Skipper. But also can be also interpreted to show Freud theory of sexual desires becomes energy for human life. Freud theory can relate to Cat on a Hot Tin Roof because unconscious and sexual desire relate to the character Brick who is trying to suppress his abnormal feeling from conscious to unconscious. In addition there is fear of death by Big Daddy and there are sexual desires.

The Technical Level Of Modern Technology - 1302 Words

The technical level of modern technology went from nominal to sensational in a span of ten years under the leadership of one man, Steve Paul Jobs. Without his innovations and creative ideas, the invention of hundreds of contemporary electronic pieces would not have come about. Steve Jobs is the creator of the Apple Company, a California-based electronics syndicate that began in his father, Paul Jobs’, garage. Growing up, Jobs has always been interested in industrial novelties and creating robotic objects. When he was old enough, he got a job at Hewlett-Packard, and was given a bag of machine parts, a membership in the explorer club, and the ability to use a computer. At the sight of the computer, he was fascinated and wanted to create something in similarity to it. While attending the Reed College in Oregon, he met Steve Wozniak, with whom he created Apple. Over time, the company succeeded, and it expanded copiously. 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An Evaluation Of Public Sector Enterprises Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1306 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? One of the reasons why the financial crisis has led to such negative consequences for the world economy is pay-for-performance systems that were being used in financial institutions. In order to prevent this scenario from happening again, financial regulators have developed remuneration rules and guidelines that aim to mitigate the negative consequences that are associated with bonus schemes (e.g., CEBS high-level principles of remuneration policies, the Statement on Director Remuneration of the European Corporate Governance Forum, the British Financial Services Authoritys code on remuneration practices, the Netherlands Bankers Association code). Common for all of these recommendations are deferral of bonus payments and bonus caps. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Evaluation Of Public Sector Enterprises Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Although many authors have been exploring this concrete field, the impact of deferred payment is yet considered as very complex and not fully understood. Amongst the total set of recommendations that these codes provide, two specific recommendations, which are central to all codes, are to cap bonuses and to defer bonus payments. At the same time, academy and practise are discussing about effectiveness of public sector enterprises. A 2005 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) report noted the significant evolution and reform since 1995 of the government ownership function. These reforms have tended to move countries away from the decentralized model and more toward the centralized model of governing of public sector or state-owned enterprises. The effectiveness and performance of an enterprise is de ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ned as the degree to which the objectives assigned to it by its owners can be reached. The objectives of the private enterprise owners come down in large measure to a single objective, pro ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ t maximization. The objectives of public enterprises are more numerous (Thiry 1993). Public sector enterprises besides commercials goals are structured to fulfill social goals. In order to evaluate performances of those enterprises, state ownership authorities needs to implement social component of its business into performance management system. 3. PROBLEM DEFINITION Managerial payment incentives are being used in corporations that are strictly commercially oriented, but also in public sector enterprises. Do the same payment incentives in commercially oriented corporations and public sector enterprises lead to the same managerial decisions? Do they encourage the same level of risk-taking? State ownership authorities are supervisory and monitoring bodies that govern the state shareholdings. In order to evaluate performances of state asset that is in their jurisdiction they need performance measurement tool that can implement social specificity of public sector enterprises. The aim of research is to develop balanced score card model for public sector enterprises. Ho: Same type of managerial payment incentives has different influence on managers in financial institution and public sector enterprises Ho: Does deferred bonus payment affect decision makers in public sector enterprises preference for risk? Ho: Does deferred bonus payment a ffect decision makers in public sector enterprises preference changes in risk preference based on prior outcomes? We test these predictions in a two-by-two between subject experiment that involves a choice task. In the experiment, subjects were presented with the asset allocation task between two alternative investments a risk free and a risky asset repeated in two stages under four possible combinations of bonus schemes. The prospect theory that convincingly describes decision taking in one period may however not be extended to intertemporal decision choices. Such is the case when bonuses are deferred and decision making in one period affects the outcomes in several subsequent periods. The study will start on the premise that managers evaluate a certain income as a gain or a loss depending on the reference point. Managers are risk averse when the choices are made in the gain domain and loss averse (which may mean risk seeking) if the choices are made in a loss domain. Th e prospect theory that convincingly describes decision taking in one period may however not be extended to intertemporal decision choices. Such is the case when bonuses are deferred and decision making in one period affects the outcomes in several subsequent periods. Moreover, the bonus that is not received immediately gets discounted. Results and conclusions of dissertation should contribute to the implementation of pay schemes into the practice that would lead to optimal and functional risk propensity of managers in public sector enterprises. Also, it should contribute to better performance evaluation of public sector enterprises. 4. CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW Monetary incentive structure has role to aim managerial behavior to maximize firm value (Jensen and Murphy, 2004). Traditional pay-for-performance schemes do not obtaining that goal, because they represent option contracts rewarding positive outcomes more than punishing negative outcomes. This asymmetry is considered as important source of managerial dysfunctional risk-seeking behavior (Chen, Steiner and Whyte, 2006). As a response to regulatory recommendations and pressures major banks have suggested linear compensation schemes which symmetrically reward and punish managers for decision outcomes (Byrnes, 2009). However, the estimated risk-seeking effects of those schemes depend on the expected utility that decision makers appoint to these positive and negative outcomes (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). In contrast with expected utility theory, prospect theory argues that the utility of a cash flow depends on whether decision makers perceive the cash flows that is formed due to thei r decision as a gain or a loss. Whether cash flows are perceived as a gain or a loss depends on individuals reference points when evaluating decision outcomes (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979). In general, losses weigh heavier than gains. This asymmetry causes people to be more risk averse in the gain domain than in the loss domain. Prospect theory is a descriptive theory based on evidence from gambling experiments. It argues that individuals behavioral patterns can be described by assuming they have utility curves in their minds which vary between domains. Prospect theory does not explain what reference point people take. It assumes that people take a reference point, after which the curves explain their risk preferences. An important distinctive element of the capped versus the non-capped scheme is the potential of a loss. Previous results suggest that an individual is slightly risk averse for gambles involving only gains, but strongly risk averse for gambles that cause potential losses (Schoemaker, 1990; Thaler, Kahneman, Tversky Schwartz, 1997). This would imply that agents with the non-capped scheme may want to evade penalties by taking a less risky strategy than those with the capped bonus scheme. It is difficult to imagine how a negative bonus would be enforced in practice other than subtracted from the prior balance of bonuses or from the fixed pay. To this point, just few penalty provisions are contained in the compensation contracts. In previous research penalties were in majority of experiments only hypothetical (Camerer, 1995), not enforced (Schoemaker, 1990) or expressed as opportunity costs withheld from the overall payment (Thaler, 1981). A scheme that is framed as a penalty in terms of opportunity costs is most likely to be used in real compensation contracts. The managers risk preference will depend on his perception of the remuneration as a loss, a gain or a reduction in a gain. The perception of the non-capped scheme as a mixed loss- gain domain or only a gain domain (as defined by Thaler, Kahneman, Tversky Schwartz, 1997) depends on whether the agent will revise the decision problem. A manager could consider entirely the effect of the decision taking on the bonus. In that case, the fixed pay would not influence a decision, but would be cancelled out as common effect for any choice. According to such editing of the problem, the non-capped bonus scheme is likely to induce risk aversion to avoid a loss. Or, in another case, a manager may reflect on the effect of decision taking on his overall bonus. A larger fixed pay in contrast to a variable pay would make the estimated value of the total compensation positive. If such editing is adopted, then a non-capped scheme in contrast to a capped scheme may result in higher risk propensity as it may give managers the potential for higher returns.

Protestant Reformation a Prologue to Christian Civilization

LIBERTY UNIVERSITY PROTESTANT REFORMATION: A PROLOGUE TO CHRISTIAN CIVILIZATION A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE DIVISION OF RELIGIOUS STUDIES IN CANDIDACY FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF DIVINITY IN CHAPLAINCY BY SULEIMAN ABBA LYNCHBURG, VIRGINIA MARCH 2013 Abstract The Early Church was a minority religious movement which faced significant threats of persecution in their daily practice of faith. As a result there was no detailed structure of worship as seen in the present day Christian worship. However, worship in those days paved way for the current settings of various churches which have greatly evolved over time. Worship was characterized by several aspects such as†¦show more content†¦In Rick Warren’s book titled ‘Purpose Driven Life’ he noted that every part of a church service is an act of worship. These include, Praying, Scripture reading, singing, confession, listening to sermon, taking notes, giving offering, baptism, communion, ushering and etc. Early Christian Worship Being a crucial and important factor of worship during the early days of Christianity, the Lord’s Supper was conducted mostly during church meetings and assemblies where the ceremony was conducted in addition to giving thanks to the Lord and singing his hymns. Generally, worship involves religious actions or devotion to a higher power which for Christianity means God. Christian worship is typified by various aspects such as praying in various designated venues, singing religious hymns and reading the Bible and engaging in communion or Eucharist among others. This paper critically analyzes the various practices of early church such as the singing of psalms and hymns, gathering in church assemblies, vocal thanksgiving, the Lord’s Supper as well as the practice of baptism. Christian worship is the adoration and contemplation of God and is defined by various elements such as meeting in venues such as churches in order to offer prayers, reading the Bible, singing and engaging in communion or Eucharist, collecting offerings as well as teaching and listening to sermons. These aspects of worship have evolved

Night Creature Blue Moon Chapter 16 Free Essays

I’d slept the day away and only had an hour before Ca-dotte was supposed to show up. The damn twine had rubbed a raw circle around my neck. A cold compress plus a liberal application of vitamin E took away the sting. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 16 or any similar topic only for you Order Now To hide the mark, I put on a sleeveless mock turtle-neck instead of a tank top; then I transferred the totem to a gold chain my mother had given me for my sixteenth birthday, which I’d never worn. I doubted she’d approve of the way I was wearing it now, but the chain was my present and she wasn’t here. My rationalization for a lot of the things I did that my mother wouldn’t approve of. I chose shorts instead of jeans. Judging by the heat of my apartment, we’d enjoyed the first true day of summer while I’d been asleep. I threw open a few windows. I couldn’t see turning on the air-conditioning when the setting of the sun was only a few hours away. Besides, I had good legs and, being tall, I had a lot of them. Swimming toned much better than jogging. I preferred round, feminine muscle to stringy sinew and emaciated calves. I turned my cell phone on long enough to dial a pizza, then shut it off again. If there were messages pending, they were no doubt from Clyde. I’d have to deal with him later, and later was when I would deal with him. Right now I was going to enjoy the evening. A little pizza, a little Cadotte. If things went well, I might even be in a good mood by the time I went to work. I was hoping sex could erase the memory of that very strange dream. I’d never been into bestiality, so what was the matter with me now? The stone shifted between my breasts, making me jump. I’d been standing at the floor-length window, staring at the summer sun. I hadn’t moved. Why had the totem? The dream had me spooked, that’s all. Dreams were just dreams, despite any woo-woo propaganda to the contrary. They were not truth or predictions, not buried secrets or hidden hopes. They were just images that meant nothing at all. But what images! Illusions tumbled through my mind of bodies entwined, sweat-slicked skin, heated flesh. These were followed by the tactile memory of soft fur, a smooth tongue. A man and a beast become one – or had that been a woman and a beast? The doorbell rang and I started. I was rolling the totem between two fingers like a worry bead. The stone was warm. I dropped the icon back down my shirt as if it were on fire. Woman and beast? That was a bit too kinky for comfort, and my mind shied away from the thought. Cadotte stood in the hall with a pizza. I was so hungry I wanted to eat them both. What was wrong with me? Nothing that a little pizza and a lot of sex wouldn’t solve. â€Å"I met the delivery boy coming up.† â€Å"I’ll pay you.† I opened the door wide, inviting him in. â€Å"Yeah, you will.† He crowded me close, kicked the door shut, then kissed me – hard, deep, and wet. Maybe sex, then pizza was a better idea. He stepped back and tilted his head. â€Å"There, all paid up.† â€Å"With one kiss?† â€Å"You’re a very good kisser.† I was left standing stunned in the hall when he strode into the apartment. I got so few compliments, and I’d never received one on how well I kissed. I had no idea what to say. I wasn’t required to say anything. By the time I reached the sofa, he had his mouth full of food. He’d brought wine. I got him a glass and a corkscrew. â€Å"You don’t drink?† He eyed the single glass. â€Å"I have to work in four hours.† â€Å"That doesn’t answer my question.† â€Å"Sure I drink.† I’d rarely met a cop who didn’t, unless at one time they’d overindulged and were now on the wagon. Police work, even in a tiny town like Miniwa, was stressful. Cops drank. Period. A lot of them smoked, too. Or did chew, like Clyde. Thankfully I’d been able to manage my stress, so far, with the occasional Bloody Mary and a twilight swim. â€Å"I suppose working third shift makes a beer at the end of your day a lot less than appealing.† He opened the wine. I’d never thought of it that way, but Cadotte was right. When I got off at 7:00 a.m. I didn’t want alcohol; I didn’t even want coffee. I just wanted my bed. Although if I kept having weird dreams, pretty soon I wouldn’t want that. â€Å"Mmm.† Cadotte had his mouth full again, so I joined him. Fifteen minutes later we were done. Cadotte scooted back on the couch, half-full glass of blood-red wine cradled in his long fingers. His thumb stroked the bowl and I lifted my gaze from his hand to his face. He took a sip. A drop clung to his lip, and his tongue swept out to capture it. His earring glittered in the glare of the setting sun. I wanted to take that earring in my teeth and tug him into the bedroom. â€Å"Shall we get down to business?† â€Å"Mmm-hmm,† I murmured, captivated by the way the light turned the golden feather from red to orange and back again. â€Å"Do you have the totem?† â€Å"Huh?† He smiled and set his glass on the coffee table with a click. Cadotte knew the effect he had on women and I found myself wondering: Was he playing me to get to the totem? Paranoid? Moi? Definitely. Nevertheless, I straightened, shook off the sexual inertia, and turned away. â€Å"It’s gone.† â€Å"Gone? What do you mean, gone?† â€Å"Disappeared? Stolen? Poof? Take your pick.† I was getting mighty good at lying. He got so quiet, if I hadn’t heard him breathing I might have thought he’d gone over the balcony- – this time in the opposite direction. â€Å"Oh well,† he said at last. â€Å"I guess it’s a good thing I sketched it.† Paper crinkled and I spun around. He leaned over the coffee table, smoothing a white rectangle. Then he pulled a bunch of other papers from his back pocket and set them all side by side. â€Å"Y-you aren’t upset about the totem?† He glanced up. He’d put on his glasses. My heart went ba-boom. â€Å"Upset? Why should I be? It wasn’t mine.† â€Å"Wasn’t mine, either,† I grumbled. He studied me for a moment. â€Å"What happened?† I didn’t think I should tell him about the evidence room fiasco. Clyde would say that was police business, and since I was in enough trouble with Clyde already, I decided to keep my lips zipped on the subject. â€Å"I really can’t say.† â€Å"You’re in trouble?† I was, so I nodded. Cadotte beckoned, then patted the sofa at his side. â€Å"Come here.† My paranoia seemed just that in the face of his lack of concern over the missing totem. Of course, what good did it do him to be upset? The thing was gone – or so he thought. When I joined him on the couch, our hips bumped. I shifted away. He followed, pressing his jean-clad thigh to mine. When I cast him a quick glance, however, he was staring at the paperwork and not at me. I left my leg right where it was. â€Å"See this?† I followed his finger to an extremely accurate pencil drawing of the totem, larger than the actual stone; the markings had been enlarged as well. They were much easier to see this way. â€Å"You’re good,† I said. â€Å"You have no idea.† That surprised a laugh out of me. The sound made me realize how seldom I heard it. Pretty sad. I was twenty-six and already the laughter had died. Perhaps with this man I could get it back. Cadotte shuffled the stack of papers – printouts from the World Wide Web. â€Å"What would we do without the Internet?† I murmured. â€Å"A lot of work. I can find more there in an hour than I could find in a week at the library. Aha!† He snatched a sheet out of the center of the pile. â€Å"Look at this.† Placing the two papers next to each other, he slid them closer to me. The Internet printout showed an ancient, emaciated being with long teeth and even longer fingernails. â€Å"Matchi-auwishuk,† he whispered. The trees rustled outside, and a sudden breeze came through the open balcony doors. As if expecting it, Cadotte put his hands on top of the papers. The breeze stopped as suddenly as it had begun. Okay. That was weird. I glanced at him, but he didn’t seem disturbed. By the breeze. Instead, he scowled at the drawings. â€Å"I don’t remember seeing that.† I pointed at the Matchi-auwishuk. â€Å"I used a magnifier to identify some of the smaller markings. It’s there. Take my word for it.† I would. Until he left and I scrounged up my own magnifying glass. â€Å"And take my word on this.† He shoved another piece of paper at me. A shiver ran from my neck to the base of my spine. The Matchi-auwishuk had been ugly, but this was downright creepy – given the circumstances. The figure was half-man, half-wolf. â€Å"What in hell is that?† â€Å"The wolf god.† The drawing was exemplary, the naked man impressive – sleek and muscled – perfection except for the paws growing where his hands and feet should be. A tail sprouted from his backside and ears from the top of his head. Instead of hair he had fur, and a snout blossomed where his mouth and nose had once been. But those little foibles weren’t what made me shrink away from the table, irrationally terrified of touching the picture or having it touch me. Nope, what bothered me about the drawing were the damn eyes – sly, intelligent, human. â€Å"Where did you find this?† â€Å"There’s an old and obscure legend of the Ojibwe. The wolf god can be brought to life during a blue moon if the way is paved by an army of wolf men. And women.† I turned my head so I could see his face. He wasn’t laughing – so I did. ‘ â€Å"What does that have to do with anything?† â€Å"‘ Jessie, aren’t there a few too many coincidences here? The totem, the madness of the wolves, and the blue moon?† The blue moon. I remembered telling Zee about it the night Karen Larson had been bitten by a wolf. The night I’d found the totem. The night I’d met William Cadotte running around naked in the woods. â€Å"What’s a wolf god, and how is it brought to life?† He shuffled some of the papers, scowled, pushed his glasses up in an absent gesture. â€Å"I’m not sure.† â€Å"What good are you then?† â€Å"We’ll get to that later.† He winked. Even in the middle of his delusion, he was propositioning me. Why did I think that was cute? Cadotte returned his attention to the gibberish he’d been reading. â€Å"All I’ve determined so far is that a werewolf army is needed – â€Å" â€Å"Whoa!† I jumped to my feet. â€Å"Werewolf army? Where did that come from?† â€Å"What do you think wolf men and wolf women are?† â€Å"A figment of your imagination?† â€Å"Mine and whoever else has decided they want to be the wolf god.† I rubbed my forehead. â€Å"Back up a minute. Someone is going to be the wolf god?† â€Å"I guess so. I haven’t been able to determine how that happens, exactly, but the making of a werewolf army between the two moons is the beginning.† â€Å"Between what two moons?† â€Å"Two full moons in a single month – â€Å" â€Å"Makes a blue moon,† I finished. â€Å"When the becoming takes place.† He glanced at his watch. â€Å"That’s in five days.† I plopped down on the couch. â€Å"You believe this stuff?† â€Å"It really doesn’t matter if I do or not.† â€Å"Why?† â€Å"Because someone believes, and they’re willing to do whatever it takes to make the legend come to life.† How to cite Night Creature: Blue Moon Chapter 16, Essay examples

Does Science Explain All Essay Example For Students

Does Science Explain All? Essay Does Science Explain All?In the beginning there was darkness. Then there was light. Then therewas consciousness. Then there were questions and then there was religion. Religions sprouted up all over the world as a response to some of humanitysmost troubling questions and fears. Why are we here? Where do we come from?Why does the world and nature act as it does? What happens when you die?Religions tended to answer all these questions with stories of gods andgoddesses and other supernatural forces that were beyond the understanding ofhumans. Magic, in its essence, were the powers wielded by these superiorbeings that caused the unexplainable to happen. Fast forward a few thousand years to the present. In our age and timethere is little left unexplained. Science seems able to explain everything withmathematical logic and concrete evidence right before our very eyes. Thesubject of science is taught in almost every school on Earth. Gone are the daysof magic and wonder. The magic of so-called magicians like David Copperfieldare a jest. When people attend a magic show everyone looks for the invisiblewires and hidden projectors. No one really believes the magician hassupernatural powers, except for maybe a handful of children in the audience whostill have faith in Santa Clause. Science does seem to explain all. It has enabled humans to fly, cureincurable diseases, explore the depths of the oceans, stave off death, walk onthe moon and wipe out entire civilizations with the push of a button. It isbecoming more and more widespread in that people are putting their faith inscience above that in the gods. What parent wouldnt rather bring their sickchild to a doctor than have faith in the healing power of some mystical entitythat may or may not exist. However strong and almost perfect the view of science is in todayssociety it cannot and does not cover the entire spectrum of the human experience. Nor does it explain some of the striking similarities present in the variousreligions of Earth. These similarities occur in civilizations not only far fromeach other but also in cultures separated by seemingly impossible to traverseoceans of water. Many of these similarities occur in the cosmological orcreation myths of the various religions. In the Bible and other in other comparable ancient literatures, creationis a theme expressed in parables or stories to account for the world. In almostevery ancient culture the universe was thought of as darkness, nothing and chaosuntil order is induced by the divine creative hand. The type of orderenvisioned varied from culture to culture. In the Biblical perspective, it wasenvisioned that light should be separated from dark, day from night; and thatthe various forms of plant and animal life be properly categorized. Althoughthe figure differ from myth to myth, all the ancient stories intend to give apoetic accounting for cosmic origins. When viewed in terms of creational motifs,the stories tend to be similar. Some myths of creation include myths of emergence, as from achildbearing woman, or creation by the marriage of two beings representing theheavens and earth. A common feature of some Hindu, African and Chinese myths isthat of a cosmic egg from which the first humans are hatched from. In othercultures, it must be brought up from primordial waters by a diver, or is formedfrom the dismembered body of a preexisting being. Whether the deity usespreexisting materials, whether he leaves his creation once it is finished, howperfect the creation is, and how the creator and the created interact vary amongthe myths. The creation story also attempts to explain the origins of evil andthe nature of god and humanity. .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .postImageUrl , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:hover , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:visited , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:active { border:0!important; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:active , .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987 .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5fc987f69236338859910fe0aee50987:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bill of Rights EssayAn example of two different religions containing various aspects of eachother could be that of the creation myth of Christianity and aspects ofcreationism found in African religion. The creator god in the African religionis Nyambi. Nyambi creates a man, Kamonu, and the man does exactly as his goddoes in every way; Similar to the way the god of Christianity creates man in hisown image. Also Nyambi creates for Kamonu a garden to live in, the same way theGarden of Eden was created. Another motif repeated between these two religionsis that of the Bibles Tower of Babel. Kamonu, after his god left him behind,tried to build a tower to reach his god but like Th e Tower of Babel it collapsedand the humans failed to reach heaven. In Mesopotamian culture the epic tale Gilgamesh is almost totallyidentical to the Biblical story of Noah and the ark. In the tale of Gilgamesh,Gilgamesh is warned by Enki that a divine judgment has been passed and the worldis to be destroyed by a giant flood. Gilgamesh is instructed build a boat tobring his family and animals so to escape the flood. Another powerful example of the commonality of myth transcendingcultures is in the Trimurti of Brahman in post classical Hinduism when comparedto the holy trinity of Christianity. Brahman, the Hindu essence of ultimatereality is at the very core of Hinduism, post classical Hinduism sees him inthree aspects. Each of these three aspects of Brahman is expressed by a godfrom classical Indian literature: Brahma, the creator; Shiva, the destroyer;and Vishnu, the preserver. Very similar to the Holy Christian Trinity of: God,the father; Christ, the son; and the Holy Spirit. In both Hinduism andChristianity the trinities are three and at the same time one entity. In the mythology of many of the Central Asian Pastoral Tribes thesupreme deity of their religion is confronted by an adversary representing thepowers of darkness and evil. Very much like the relationship in the Christianmythos between God and Lucifer, this figure of evil attempts to counter theplans of the celestial good being and aims at gaining dominance over the worldand at establishing a realm of his own in which he would rule over humanity. The forces of good and evil are not equally balanced, however, and there isnever any real doubt about the final supremacy of the sky-god. Yet according tosome myths the representative of evil and darkness succeeded in leading peopleastray and bringing about a fall similar to that of Adam and Eve. Other mythological motifs not involving Christianity or the Bible isthat of a god or a hero making the dangerous journey to the underworld , orHades, to retrieve a lost love. The Greek mythological tale of Orpheus and theJapanese Shinto myths both contain very similar aspects. In both of thesestories, Orpheus and Izanagi, lose their spouses to death and venture into theterrible underworld of Hades to try to wrest them back. In both stories theyare on the way to getting back each his wife as long as they dont look backtowards her. In both tales both Izanagi and Orpheus look back, losing thechance they had at having their loves returned to them. These are just some of the universal myths contained within variousreligions of the world. How do all these myths seem to transcend thegeographical and cultural boundaries of Earth? Carl Gustav Jung, a leadingpsychologist and contemporary of Freud, came up with a theory involving thecollective unconscious of a persons psyche. The collective unconscious,according to Jung, is made up of what he called archetypes, or primordialimages. These correspond to such experiences such as confronting death orchoosing a mate and manifest themselves symbolically in religion, myths, fairytales and fantasies. .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .postImageUrl , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:hover , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:visited , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:active { border:0!important; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:active , .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78 .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucb88e36df9485d1fe464686042d07b78:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Self-discovery through Adversity EssayJoseph Campbell, considered by most to have been the foremost expert onworld religions and mythology, believed to be a fact that; mythologies andtheir deities are productions and projections of the psyche. It was his beliefthat religions and myths come from ones own creative imagination andunconsciousness. He further believed that humankind is intrinsically linked inthat some part of human nature creates these myths and religions out of a needfor them. We all have the same basic psychological makeup just as we all havethe same basic physical makeup. Recent scientific studies suggest that the average human uses only tento fifteen percent of his or her brain. What happens to the other eighty-fiveto ninety percent of it? Does it just sit there and have absolutely no use? Ordoes it perhaps contain the universal commonalties of what links us all as agreat big tribe of human beings; containing our greatest hopes, our worst fears,our dreams and creativity. Perhaps it does contain a link to the realm ofmysticism and surrealism which artists such as Salvador Dali tried so hard torender on canvas. Science doesnt know what it contains. Its in our skullsand were not even sure what it contains, maybe the answers to our ownprimordial questions. WORKS CITEDWorld Religions From Ancient History to the Present editor: Geoffrey Parrinder,copyright 1971, The Hamlyn Publishing Group Ltd. Essays On a Science of Mythology Carl Jung, copyright 1949, Pantheon Books Inc. Myths To Live By Joseph Campbell, copyright 1972, Viking PressReligions of the World Lewis M. Hopfe, Copyright 1976, Prentice-Hall Inc. Mythology Edith Hamilton, copyright 1942, Little Brown Inc. Encarta 95 copyright 1995, Microsoft corp. Philosophy